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New Technology of Rice Water-saving Cultivation
Rice shallow and wet irrigation is an intermittent watering technique that creates a water-saving system without alternating between constantly wet and dry conditions. It involves maintaining a shallow layer of water, followed by controlled drying and re-watering, making it a flexible and efficient method for rice cultivation. During the transplanting and regreening stage, a shallow water layer is maintained for about two weeks. Then, during the critical growth phase from tillering to heading, a period of moderate drying is applied. In the ripening stage, a cycle of wet and dry irrigation is used. This approach combines timely irrigation with nitrogen management, leading to reduced water use, higher yields, and stable production.
The promotion of shallow and wet irrigation technology helps increase rice yield through several mechanisms:
1. Prevents root aging and improves plant health, eliminating potential production barriers.
2. Aligns with rice's natural water requirements, optimizing both physiological and ecological needs while reducing irrigation volume and improving water use efficiency.
3. Balances water, fertilizer, air, and heat in the soil, enhancing soil fertility and creating a favorable environment for rice growth.
4. Encourages the transformation of yield components, promoting reproductive traits, strong stalks, and resistance to lodging.
5. Improves the structure of rice plants and the microclimate, helping control pests and diseases.
6. Is essential for the sustainable development of rice farming, offering a long-term solution to water scarcity.
Benefits of shallow, wet, and dry irrigation include:
1. Higher water productivity: Using 400-450 cubic meters of water per mu, rice yields reach 550-600 kg, with 1.3 kg of rice produced per cubic meter. In traditional flood irrigation, 560-700 cubic meters are used per mu, yielding 510-550 kg, with a water productivity of around 0.9.
2. Improved paddy field conditions: The accumulated temperature of the field increases significantly. For example, the temperature from transplanting to maturity rose by 76.2–165.2°C, and soil temperature increased by 63.5°C. Larger day-night temperature differences help promote grain filling and dry matter accumulation.
3. Enhanced root vitality: Root absorption capacity under shallow wet irrigation is 1.33 times that of flood irrigation, supporting better above-ground growth and yield formation.
4. Better tillering performance: Under shallow wet irrigation, each plant produces more tillers (4.15 on average) compared to deep flooding (3.4), with a 13% higher effective tiller rate.
5. Promotes the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, resulting in more functional leaves, higher panicle numbers, and better grain quality.
6. Improves plant architecture: Stronger roots, shorter and sturdier stems, and better coordination between leaves and stems reduce lodging risk.
7. Increases overall yield: Compared to continuous submergence, shallow wet irrigation boosts grains per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1000-grain weight. For instance, in the variety Li You 57, shallow wet irrigation produced 146 grains per panicle, compared to 108 under continuous flooding. Seed setting rates were 91.14% vs. 90.17%, and yield increased by 14%.