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New Technology of Rice Water-saving Cultivation
Rice shallow and wet irrigation is an intermittent watering technique that creates a water-saving system without alternating between continuous flooding and dry periods. It involves maintaining shallow, moist, and slightly dry conditions in a flexible manner. During the transplanting and regreening phase of rice, a shallow water layer is kept for about two weeks. Then, during the crop growth stage up to the heading stage, moderate drying is applied. In the ripening period, a combination of wet and dry irrigation is used. This method integrates timely irrigation with nitrogen supply, helping to reduce water use while ensuring high yields and stable production.
The promotion of shallow and wet irrigation technology enhances productivity through several mechanisms:
1. Prevents root aging and premature senescence, removing potential obstacles to yield.
2. Aligns with the natural water requirements of rice, utilizing traditional flood irrigation practices by meeting physiological needs while saving ecological water. This ensures higher yields while reducing irrigation quotas and improving water economic efficiency.
3. Balances water, fertilizer, gas, and heat factors, enhancing soil fertility and creating a favorable environment for rice growth.
4. Encourages the transformation of yield components and supports high-yield development. It promotes reproductive traits, improves grain filling rates, strengthens stems, and reduces lodging.
5. Enhances plant structure and field microclimate, which helps control pests and diseases.
6. Shallow wet-dry irrigation is essential for sustainable rice production and serves as a long-term solution.
Benefits of this irrigation method include:
1. Improved water use efficiency: With 400-450 cubic meters of water per mu, yields reach 550-600 kg per mu, resulting in 1.3 kg of rice per cubic meter of water. In contrast, flood irrigation requires 560-700 cubic meters per mu, yielding 510-550 kg, with a water use efficiency of around 0.9.
2. Enhanced paddy field conditions: The accumulated temperature of the paddy fields has increased, with water temperatures rising by 76.2–165.2°C and soil temperatures by 63.5°C. The daily temperature difference under wet irrigation is greater than in flood irrigation, promoting better growth and dry matter accumulation.
3. Improved rice fertility and root vitality: Root absorption capacity under shallow wet irrigation is 1.33 times that of flood irrigation, supporting better above-ground growth and yield formation.
4. Increased tillering ability: Under wet irrigation, plants have more tillers (4.15 per plant), leading to higher effective panicle rates and better yield performance.
5. Promotes the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, increasing functional leaves and root-to-crown ratios, which support higher starch and cellulose content.
6. Enhances plant growth patterns: Roots are well-developed, with more fibrous roots and root hairs, leading to stronger stems, reduced lodging, and better overall plant health.
7. Increases yield: Compared to long-term submersion, shallow wet irrigation results in more grains per panicle, higher seed setting rates, and heavier 1000-grain weight. For example, Li You 57 shows 146 grains under shallow wet irrigation versus 108 under submerged conditions, with a 13% increase in effective panicles and a 14% yield improvement.