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Daejeon chrysanthemum technology essentials
Chrysanthemums are perennial herbaceous plants that thrive in sunny, cool, and frost-free environments with good air circulation. They prefer well-drained, loose, and nutrient-rich soils with a slightly acidic to neutral pH. The ideal growing temperature ranges from 15°C to 25°C. Cultivating cut chrysanthemums involves several key techniques, especially in regions like Daejeon.
When selecting varieties for cut chrysanthemum production, it's important to choose late autumn and winter types that are resistant to cold, have thick and firm petals, strong stems, and flat, thick leaves. These characteristics make them suitable for long-distance transport and storage. After being rehydrated, they can fully open and maintain their shape. In northern China, if the goal is to supply the market in May, planting should begin in October of the previous year and continue in greenhouses during winter. For blooms in August or September, cultivation should start in March, with early sunlight exposure for about 60 days.
In southern regions, it’s easier to produce cut chrysanthemums during winter and early spring without greenhouses, allowing large-scale farming. However, proper drainage is essential, so raised beds with waterproof ridges are necessary. During dry seasons, shading at noon helps increase stem length and improve vase life.
Before planting, fields should be prepared with deep trenches, with bed heights of 25–30 cm, widths of 1–1.2 meters, and lengths not exceeding 30 meters. Drainage ditches must be well-constructed to manage water effectively, preventing waterlogging after rain. Chrysanthemums require high levels of nutrients, and applying long-lasting organic fertilizers improves soil structure and promotes root development. Continuous cropping should be avoided, as it can lead to disease buildup.
For commercial cut flower production, planting density is typically around 60 plants per square meter, with four rows and spacing of 25 cm between rows and 6 cm between plants. Once the plants reach 30 cm in height, plastic nets are used to support the stems and ensure even branching.
Water management is crucial. Regular watering, alternating between dry and wet periods, is recommended. Ditch irrigation and soaking methods help maintain moisture without overwatering. High planting density increases fertilizer needs, so top-dressing with diluted solutions is essential. Nitrogen and potassium dominate before flowering, while phosphorus is added as needed. Fertilization should be reduced once the plant shifts to reproductive growth to encourage bud formation.
Pruning is also important. Removing weak branches and axillary buds reduces nutrient competition and ensures the plant reaches the desired height. After budding, all lower buds should be removed. If "willow leaf" symptoms appear, they should be pruned promptly to encourage new growth.
Pest control focuses on managing diseases like leaf spot and pests such as aphids. Fungicides should be applied regularly in early growth stages to prevent leaf spot. During the reproductive phase, measures must be taken to prevent powdery mildew and aphid infestations. Leaf spot occurs from April to October, with peak severity in autumn. Spraying Bordeaux mixture or a 500-fold solution of zinc oxide every other week is effective. Avoid spraying once buds are fully formed. Aphids should be controlled before infestation, using repeated sprays if necessary.
Cut chrysanthemums are short-day plants, meaning their flowering is influenced by light duration. Late autumn and winter varieties require supplemental lighting to delay blooming. In standard greenhouses, incandescent bulbs (60 watts) are placed 1.5–2 meters apart, 90–100 cm above the plants. Light is provided from 11 PM to 2 AM daily, starting in late August. The number of lighting days depends on the planting schedule.
Harvesting occurs when buds are 3–50% open, ideally in the early morning or evening for better preservation. After harvesting, chrysanthemums are quickly cooled to around 10°C and then trimmed to about 90 cm in length. They are stored either wet or dry. Wet storage uses a solution of 20g sucrose, 25mg silver nitrate, and 200ml 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate per liter of water. Dry storage involves placing them in plastic bags or cartons in cold storage at 0°C–17°C with 90–95% humidity, lasting 3–4 weeks. Avoid storing with fruits or vegetables to prevent ethylene damage.