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Winter bitter gourd planting technology
Spring in the Chaoshan region is like a gentle awakening, bringing with it the perfect conditions for growing bitter gourd. During winter and spring, even with minimal protection, high-quality, high-yield, and high-efficiency production can be achieved. This makes bitter gourd an ideal crop for farmers looking to maximize returns with relatively low input.
**I. Site and Soil Conditions**
Ideal locations are rural areas free from industrial and domestic pollution. The soil should be deep, well-drained, and of sandy loam texture, rich in organic matter, with good water and nutrient retention. Clean irrigation water that is easily accessible is essential for successful cultivation.
**II. Crop Rotation**
To avoid continuous cropping problems, implement a rotation system. A common practice is to alternate bitter gourd with rice. Plant bitter gourd during winter and early spring, then follow with rice planting in the later part of the season.
**III. Preparing for Sowing**
**(A) Sowing Season**
After the autumn harvest, plant rice and harvest it in late spring or early summer. This ensures a smooth transition between crops.
**(B) Variety Selection**
Choose local native or wild varieties known for disease resistance, strong medicinal properties, or high yield. Ensure seeds have a purity above 95%, clarity over 98%, and a germination rate of at least 90%.
**(C) Field Preparation**
Plow and turn the soil before sowing. Create ridges 15 cm high and 95 cm wide, with furrows 30 cm wide. This helps with drainage and root development.
**IV. Sowing Techniques**
**(A) Nutrient Soil Preparation**
Mix 70% disease-free garden soil, 29.7% well-rotted farmyard manure, and 0.3% NPK fertilizer to create a nutrient-rich seedbed.
**(B) Seed Treatment and Sowing**
Soak seeds in warm water (55°C) for 15 minutes, then transfer to 30°C water for 10–12 hours. Wash off the mucilage, and keep them moist at 30–35°C until about 70% germinate. Sow the seeds in small containers filled with nutrient soil, using 0.4–0.5 kg per acre, typically in mid-November.
**(C) Base Fertilizer Application**
Apply 2000 kg of farmyard manure and 40 kg of NPK fertilizer per mu. Distribute two-thirds of the fertilizer along the ridges and one-third in the furrows.
**(D) Planting Density**
Transplant seedlings when they reach 10–12 cm in height, with a stem diameter of 0.3 cm, 4–5 true leaves, and no signs of pests or disease. Space them 80 cm apart in rows, with 35 cm between plants.
**V. Field Management**
**(A) Insulation and Protection**
During cold spells, cover the beds with plastic film supported by bamboo frames to protect young plants from frost.
**(B) Seedling Care**
Check seedlings 10–20 days after planting and fill in any gaps to ensure uniform growth.
**(C) Weeding, Trellising, and Pruning**
Weed regularly, keeping the soil loose but avoiding damage to roots. Use trellises to support vines. Remove diseased or old leaves to maintain field hygiene and promote air circulation.
**(D) Watering**
Maintain soil moisture during the seedling stage, watering only when dry. Keep soil moisture above 80%. After transplanting, water once every 5–10 days. Avoid overwatering, especially during rainy periods.
**(E) Fertilization**
Use organic fertilizers combined with balanced chemical inputs. Apply 3000 kg of well-rotted manure and 60 kg of NPK per mu. Avoid unprocessed animal waste or contaminated materials. Top-dress with 1000 kg of manure and 20 kg of compound fertilizer when the first fruits begin to develop. No top-dressing within 30 days of harvest.
**VI. Pest and Disease Control**
Use disease-resistant varieties and rotate crops to reduce pest pressure. For occasional issues like mildew, use low-toxicity pesticides and biological controls. Always observe the withdrawal period before harvest.
**VII. Harvesting**
Harvest mature bitter gourds from March to June, depending on variety and market demand. Remove deformed fruits early and harvest root gourds later to ensure quality and consistency.