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Winter bitter gourd planting technology
Spring in the Chaoshan region is a season of renewal, much like spring itself. During winter and early spring, bitter gourd can be cultivated with minimal protection, leading to high-quality, high-yield, and high-efficiency production. This makes it an ideal crop for farmers looking to maximize returns while maintaining sustainability.
**I. Site and Soil Conditions**
The ideal growing area should be free from industrial and domestic pollution. The soil must be deep, well-drained, and composed of sandy loam with high organic matter content. It should have good water and nutrient retention capabilities. Clean irrigation water that is easily accessible is also essential for successful cultivation.
**II. Crop Rotation**
To prevent continuous cropping issues, it’s recommended to implement crop rotation. A common practice is to alternate bitter gourd with rice. Planting bitter gourd during winter and early spring, followed by rice in late spring, helps maintain soil health and reduce pest buildup.
**III. Preparing the Field**
**(A) Cultivation Season**
After the autumn harvest, rice is planted and harvested in late spring and early summer. This timing allows for efficient use of seasonal conditions.
**(B) Variety Selection**
Choose local or wild varieties known for disease resistance, strong growth, and medicinal value, or high-yielding hybrids. Seeds should have a purity of over 95%, clarity above 98%, and a germination rate of at least 90%.
**(C) Field Preparation**
Soil should be deeply plowed and turned before planting. Ridge height should be around 15 cm, with a width of 95 cm, and furrows 30 cm wide. This setup improves drainage and root development.
**IV. Sowing**
**(A) Nutrient Soil Preparation**
Mix 70% disease-free garden soil, 29.7% well-rotted farmyard manure, and 0.3% NPK fertilizer to create a nutrient-rich seedbed.
**(B) Sowing Methods**
1. **Seed Treatment**: Soak seeds in 55°C water for 15 minutes, then transfer to 30°C water for 10–12 hours. Rinse to remove mucilage and allow germination.
2. **Germination**: Keep seeds at 30–35°C until about 70% germinate.
3. **Transplanting**: Place germinated seeds into nutrient cups. Use 0.4–0.5 kg per acre, sown mid-November. Water before planting and cover lightly with soil.
**(C) Base Fertilizer Application**
Apply 2000 kg of well-rotted manure and 40 kg of NPK fertilizer per mu. Two-thirds are applied as base fertilizer, and one-third as side dressing.
**(D) Planting Density**
When seedlings reach 10–12 cm in height, with a stem diameter of 0.3 cm and 4–5 true leaves, transplant them with row spacing of 80 cm x 35 cm.
**V. Field Management**
**(A) Insulation and Warming**
In cold weather, cover plants with plastic film over bamboo arches to protect against frost.
**(B) Seedling Care**
Check seedlings 10–20 days after planting and fill in any gaps.
**(C) Weeding, Staking, and Pruning**
1. Remove weeds and cultivate shallowly first, avoiding root damage.
2. Use trellises to support vines.
3. Prune diseased or old leaves, and keep the field clean.
4. Perform artificial pollination when needed—transfer pollen from male to female flowers.
**(D) Irrigation**
Maintain soil moisture at 80% during the seedling stage. Water only when necessary, and avoid overwatering. Ensure humidity remains between 60–80% during growth. Drain excess water after rain.
**VI. Fertilization**
Use balanced fertilization, combining organic and chemical inputs. Apply 3000 kg of compost and 60 kg of NPK per mu. Avoid using unprocessed animal waste or contaminated materials. Apply 2000 kg of manure and 40 kg of compound fertilizer as base fertilizer (66.7% of total). Top-dress with 1000 kg of compost and 20 kg of compound fertilizer when fruits begin to develop. Stop fertilizing 30 days before harvest.
**VII. Pest Control**
Implement agricultural practices such as selecting resistant varieties, proper crop rotation, and regular weeding. Use low-toxicity pesticides when necessary, following strict application intervals. Avoid chemical use within 30 days of harvest.
**VIII. Harvesting**
Harvest mature bitter gourds from March to June. Remove malformed or underdeveloped fruits early, and adjust timing based on market demand. Timely harvesting ensures quality and maximizes yield.