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Cherry Bacterial Root Cancer and Its Control
Bacterial crown gall is one of the most common root diseases affecting garden flowers and young plants in northern China, particularly in alkaline soil regions. This disease not only threatens cherry blossoms but also poses a risk to roses, ornamental plants like ginkgo, and carnations, both indoors and outdoors. The range of host plants includes over 300 species across 60 different plant families, making it a widespread and serious threat.
Symptoms of the disease typically appear on the roots or the base of the stem, especially around grafting sites. It may also develop on lateral roots, branching roots, or even on vines. Initially, the tumors are round and soft, often appearing milky or slightly reddish. As they grow, the internal tissue becomes hardened due to lignification. The outer layer cracks and becomes rough, gradually turning brown or dark brown. These galls can vary in size from small beans to large masses. Infected seedlings often show reduced fibrous root development, slow growth, early yellowing of leaves, increased dead branches, shorter blooming periods, and, in severe cases, plant death. Once established, the disease is very persistent, and even after removing the galls, they tend to reappear.
The pathogen responsible for this disease is *Agrobacterium tumefaciens*, a gram-negative bacterium. It survives in the soil and within the tissues of infected plants. The bacteria spread through wounds caused by water, irrigation, transportation of seedlings, human activity, insects, or nematodes. The optimal temperature range for bacterial survival is between 10°C and 34°C, with the best growth occurring at 22°C. Below 18°C or above 30°C, tumor formation is less likely. The pH range for infection is between 5.7 and 9.2, with the highest incidence in soils with a pH between 6.2 and 8. In highly alkaline areas, higher humidity increases the severity of the disease. Sandy loam soils tend to have lower infection rates compared to heavy clay soils.
To prevent the spread of bacterial crown gall, several measures can be taken. First, newly imported seedlings should be quarantined, and any diseased plants should be discarded immediately. Suspicious plants can be treated by dipping their roots in a 1% copper sulfate solution for 5 minutes, followed by a 1-minute soak in 1% lime water, or a 30-minute treatment in streptomycin solution. Second, applying 30–50 grams per square meter of 3% furazolid granules into the soil at a depth of 15–20 cm, then watering thoroughly, helps control nematodes and other pests. Grafting tools should be disinfected with 75% alcohol or 1% formaldehyde to prevent contamination. If a plant is already infected, the galls should be removed along with surrounding tissue. The wound can be treated with medical-grade iodine or 400 international units of streptomycin, then covered with Vaseline. Additionally, applying 50–100 grams of sulfur per square meter can help suppress the disease. A disinfectant such as 20% soil tyrants WP diluted 500 times or 14% multi-effect Lingshui agent diluted 150 times should be applied, followed by repeat treatments every two weeks for three to four times. Two weeks after removing the galls, a solution of 100–150 ppm indolebutyric acid (IBA) powder can be used to promote root growth and rejuvenate the plant. These treatments are most effective when applied before the plant enters its vigorous growth phase in early spring or summer.