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Daejeon chrysanthemum technology essentials
Chrysanthemums are perennial herbaceous plants that thrive in sunny, cool, and frost-free environments. They prefer dry, well-ventilated conditions and require fertile, loose, and slightly acidic soil rich in humus. The ideal temperature for growth is between 15°C and 25°C. Cultivating cut chrysanthemums involves several key techniques, especially in regions like Daejeon.
When selecting varieties, it's best to choose late autumn or winter chrysanthemums that are resistant to cold. These should have thick, firm petals, strong stems, even sections, and thick, flat leaves, making them suitable for long-distance transport and storage. After being rehydrated, they can fully open and remain fresh for extended periods. In northern China, if you plan to supply the market in May, you should plant in October of the previous year and grow them in greenhouses during winter. For blooms in August and September, planting should begin in March, with early sunlight exposure after about 60 days.
In southern regions, it's easier to produce cut chrysanthemums in winter and early spring without greenhouses, allowing large-scale cultivation. However, proper drainage is essential—using raised beds with waterproof ridges helps manage water efficiently. During dry seasons, shading at noon can help increase stem length and improve vase life.
Before planting, ensure the field is well-drained with deep trenches. Beds should be 25–30 cm high, 1–1.2 m wide, and no longer than 30 meters. A good drainage system around the plot is crucial to prevent waterlogging. Chrysanthemums require a lot of nutrients, so applying slow-release organic fertilizers improves soil structure and promotes root development. Avoid planting the same crop consecutively to prevent soil depletion.
Planting density is important for cut flowers. Typically, about 60 plants per square meter are planted in four rows, with 25 cm between rows and 6 cm between plants. When the plants reach 30 cm in height, plastic nets are used to support the branches and ensure even distribution.
Water management is critical. Regular watering, alternating between wet and dry periods, and using ditch irrigation or immersion helps maintain healthy growth. High planting density means more frequent fertilization. Before flowering, nitrogen and potassium are dominant, while phosphorus is added as needed. Fertilizer should be applied in small amounts to avoid overfeeding. Once the plant enters reproductive growth, fertilization is paused to encourage bud formation, then resumed after blooming.
Pruning is essential for quality. Remove weak branches and axillary buds to reduce nutrient consumption and promote height. After buds appear, all lower buds should be removed. If "willow leaf" symptoms occur, they should be addressed immediately to allow new growth.
Pest control is vital. Common issues include leaf spot and aphids. Fungicides should be applied regularly in early growth stages to prevent diseases. During the reproductive phase, protect against powdery mildew and aphids to maintain flower quality. Leaf spot disease occurs from April to October, peaking in late summer. Reduce watering once symptoms appear and spray Bordeaux mixture or a 500-fold zinc solution every other week. Stop spraying before the buds develop. Aphids must be controlled before infestation, with repeated spraying if necessary.
Chrysanthemums are short-day plants, meaning their flowering is influenced by light duration. To encourage blooming, supplemental lighting is often used. In standard greenhouses, 60W bulbs are placed 1.5–2 meters apart, hung 90–100 cm above the plants. Lighting is provided from 11 PM to 2 AM, starting in late August. The number of days depends on the planting schedule.
Harvesting should occur when buds are 3–50% open, ideally in the early morning or evening for better preservation. After harvesting, chrysanthemums are quickly cooled to 10°C, trimmed to about 90 cm, and stored in cold rooms. Two storage methods exist: wet and dry. Wet storage uses a solution of 20g sucrose, 25mg silver nitrate, and 200ml 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate per liter of water. Dry storage involves packaging in plastic bags or cartons. Avoid storing with fruits and vegetables due to ethylene effects. Cold storage requires 90–95% humidity and temperatures between 0°C and 17°C, allowing storage for up to 3–4 weeks.