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Occurrence and Non-pollution Control of Major Diseases in Brown Plum
Brown Plum is a premium fruit known for its large size, high quality, vibrant color, and excellent storage and transport properties, with a long shelf life. It is rich in essential vitamins, minerals, organic acids, and other nutrients, making it a highly nutritious option. The Brown Lang variety exhibits strong adaptability, thriving across the country from north to south. It is cold-tolerant, drought-resistant, and capable of growing in poor soil conditions.
However, during the process of disease prevention and treatment, some farmers may not follow strict guidelines when using pesticides or synthetic hormones, leading to excessive residue levels of chemicals, including pesticides and heavy metals. These residues have become a major obstacle in the export of high-quality Brown Plums. As a result, implementing pollution-free disease control measures has become an essential part of the production process.
1. Main Diseases and Their Identification
1.1 Bacterial Canker: This disease primarily affects leaves, shoots, and fruits. Initially, small water-soaked spots appear on the leaves, which later develop into purple-brown or dark brown lesions. These lesions eventually dry out and fall off, creating holes. On shoots, the damage appears as spring and summer ulcers. On fruits, the initial symptoms are water spots that develop into dark purple halos with a depressed center and a hardened surface.
1.2 Brown Rot: This disease mainly targets flowers, leaves, shoots, and fruits, with the most severe damage occurring on the fruit. Infected flowers develop brown spots and gray mold under wet conditions. The infection spreads through the stems to new shoots, causing ulcers and shoot dieback. Fruits show brown, soft, and rotten flesh.
1.3 Red Spot Disease: In the early stages, infected leaves display small, orange-yellow raised spots. As the disease progresses, these spots deepen into dark red patches. In autumn, the leaves turn red and may curl and fall prematurely. On fruits, the surface shows orange-red, slightly raised spots that eventually turn reddish-black with scattered dark red areas.
1.4 Scab: Primarily affecting the fruit, scab begins as small brown spots on the fruit’s shoulders. As the fruit matures, the spots darken and merge, forming continuous lesions. The disease affects only the outer layer, causing sores and stopping growth, while the inner flesh continues to expand, leading to cracking.
1.5 Dry Rot: This disease mainly attacks the trunk and can occur throughout the growing season, especially in early spring. Early symptoms include sunken lesions with a flow of sap. As the disease progresses, the tissue rots, emits a foul smell, and turns red-brown. In advanced stages, the lesions dry up and are covered with gray and white fungal spores.
1.6 Anthrax: This disease affects fruits, shoots, and leaves, particularly during rainy seasons. Young fruits become dark brown, stop growing, and harden. As the fruit matures, light brown water-soaked lesions appear, expanding into reddish-brown depressions arranged in concentric rings. Leaves curl at the edges, leading to premature drop and branch death.
1.7 Leaf Curl Disease: This condition mainly affects leaves, and in severe cases, it also damages flowers, shoots, and young fruits. Infected leaves curl at the edges, thicken, and become brittle, turning reddish-brown. Severe infections can lead to leaf deformation, shoot death, and fruit scarring with early shedding.
2. Pollution-Free Prevention Measures
2.1 Agricultural Practices
2.1.1 Removing dead branches, fallen leaves, bark, and weeds during winter helps reduce overwintering pathogens and effectively controls disease sources.
2.1.2 Planting windbreaks improves the orchard's microclimate, promoting stronger tree growth and enhancing resistance to diseases.
2.1.3 Applying green manure and organic fertilizers enriches the soil, boosts fertility, and strengthens tree vigor, improving their ability to resist diseases.
2.1.4 Proper pruning and shaping improve air circulation and light exposure, creating an environment favorable for healthy growth and unfavorable for disease development.
2.2 Chemical Control
Pollution-free production does not eliminate the use of pesticides but requires strict adherence to national standards. Farmers should choose high-efficiency, low-toxicity, and low-residue pesticides, reducing overall usage to ensure minimal or no pesticide residues in the fruit. During the growing season, it is recommended to spray 3-6 Beimei lime sulfur or 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture before late February and early March to prevent bacterial canker, red spot, brown rot, scab, and anthrax. Spraying 20% Nongken 120 or 5% bacteria solution in early March can help prevent dry rot. After bud expansion, spraying 5% Sen Zinc 500 times can control leaf spot disease. From mid-March to early April, applying benomyl (1000–1500 times) or Dasheng M-45 WP (800–1000 times) can manage brown rot. In late April, before harvest, spraying thiophanate-methyl or mildew can help control scab and brown rot. In June or August, spraying 72% agricultural streptomycin or 65% zinc powder every 10 days for 2–3 times can treat bacterial canker, red spot, scab, dry rot, and anthrax. Since climate and growing conditions vary by region, local adjustments are necessary for effective disease management.
Overall, smart anti-theft door locks combine cutting-edge technology, robust construction, and user-friendly features to deliver a reliable, flexible, and modern solution for safeguarding properties against theft and unauthorized access. Whether upgrading an existing security system or installing new locks, choosing a smart anti-theft door lock means investing in a safer and more connected environment.