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Occurrence and Non-pollution Control of Major Diseases in Brown Plum
Brown Plum is a premium fruit known for its large size, superior quality, vibrant color, and excellent storage and transport characteristics. It has a long shelf life and is rich in essential vitamins, minerals, and organic acids, making it highly nutritious and desirable. Brown Plum trees are also resilient, adapting well to various climates across the country, from north to south. They are cold-tolerant, drought-resistant, and can thrive in poor soil conditions, which makes them an ideal choice for farmers.
However, during the process of disease prevention and treatment, some growers may not follow pollution-free standards strictly. Some use excessive or high-residual pesticides and synthetic hormones, leading to contamination with harmful residues such as pesticides and heavy metals. This not only affects the quality of the fruit but also hinders its export to international markets. As a result, implementing effective pollution-free disease control measures has become a critical part of the cultivation process.
### 1. Main Diseases and Their Identification
**1.1 Bacterial Canker**
This disease primarily affects leaves, branches, and fruits. In the early stages, water-soaked spots appear on the leaves, gradually expanding into purple-brown or dark brown lesions. These eventually dry out and fall off, creating holes. Infected shoots develop ulcers, and the fruit shows water spots that later turn into dark purple halos with sunken centers and hardened surfaces.
**1.2 Brown Rot**
This disease mainly targets flowers, leaves, shoots, and fruits. Flowers develop brown spots and may rot under wet conditions, forming gray mold. The infection spreads through stems to new shoots, causing ulcers and shoot tip dieback. Fruits show brown, soft, and rotted areas, reducing their market value.
**1.3 Red Spot Disease**
Initially, this disease affects leaves, causing small, yellowish, raised lesions. As the disease progresses, the spots darken to red, and in autumn, the leaves turn red, curl, and fall prematurely. On fruits, orange-red spots appear, becoming darker over time and often leading to premature fruit drop.
**1.4 Scab**
Scab mainly affects the fruit, particularly on the shoulders. Early symptoms include small brown spots that turn black as the fruit matures. The skin becomes rough, and cracks form, allowing the flesh to grow unevenly, resulting in cracked fruit.
**1.5 Dry Rot**
This disease mainly attacks the trunk and is most active in early spring. Initially, lesions are slightly sunken and exude sap. Over time, the tissue rots, emitting a foul smell. In advanced stages, the lesions dry up, and gray-white fungal spores appear.
**1.6 Anthracnose**
This disease commonly occurs during rainy seasons and affects fruits, shoots, and leaves. Young fruits become dark brown, stop growing, and harden. Larger fruits develop water-soaked lesions that expand into reddish-brown depressions. Leaves curl and fall early, while shoots may die back.
**1.7 Leaf Curl**
This disease mainly affects leaves, and in severe cases, it can damage flowers, shoots, and young fruits. Infected leaves curl at the edges, thicken, and become brittle. Severe cases lead to leaf deformation, shoot death, and deformed, scarred fruits that fall prematurely.
### 2. Pollution-Free Prevention Methods
**2.1 Agricultural Practices**
- **Orchard Cleaning**: Removing dead branches, fallen leaves, and weeds helps reduce pathogen sources.
- **Shelterbelts**: Planting windbreaks improves the orchard's microclimate, promoting healthier growth and better disease resistance.
- **Soil Management**: Using green manure and organic fertilizers enhances soil fertility and strengthens tree health.
- **Tree Pruning**: Proper shaping and pruning improve air circulation and light exposure, creating an unfavorable environment for disease development.
**2.2 Chemical Control (Pollution-Free)**
While chemical pesticides are still used in some cases, they must be applied according to national standards. High-efficiency, low-toxicity, and low-residue pesticides are preferred. For example:
- Before mid-February, apply lime sulfur or Bordeaux mixture to prevent bacterial canker, red spot, and anthracnose.
- In early March, use Nongken 120 or bacterial solution to prevent dry rot.
- After bud expansion, spray Sen Zinc to control leaf spot.
- During March, use benomyl or Dasheng M-45 WP to manage brown rot.
- In late April, apply thiophanate-methyl or more mildew to control scab and brown rot.
- In June or August, use streptomycin or zinc compounds to treat bacterial infections.
Each region may have different climate and farming conditions, so local adjustments are necessary for effective disease management. By following these practices, farmers can ensure high-quality, safe, and sustainable production of Brown Plums.
Drawer locks are essential hardware components designed to provide security and controlled access to drawers in homes, offices, and commercial spaces. These locking mechanisms come in various styles and functionalities to suit different types of drawers, including wooden, metal, plastic, and glass varieties. Whether you need to safeguard important documents, valuables, tools, or personal belongings, drawer locks offer a reliable solution to prevent unauthorized access and enhance safety.