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The breeding method of iris
The iris is a member of the Iridaceae family and is widely appreciated for its ornamental beauty. With approximately 300 species worldwide, it is predominantly found in the northern temperate regions. In China, there are about 60 native species, 13 varieties, and 5 subspecies. The genus Iris is classified into two main types based on their underground structures: ratoon irises and bulbous irises.
Ratoon irises have rhizomes or roots that serve as underground storage organs, while bulbous irises rely on bulbs. Ratoon irises are known for their cold tolerance and can be grown directly in open fields. They typically start growing early in spring, bloom from early spring to early summer, and go dormant in winter. While most varieties lose their above-ground foliage during dormancy, some remain evergreen, hence the name "evergreen iris."
Bulbous irises, on the other hand, are often cultivated in greenhouses for cut flowers. Their bulbs are usually planted in the fall, flower in spring, and become dormant in early summer. Propagation methods differ between the two types. For ratoon irises, propagation is commonly done through division of rhizomes, which is usually carried out every 2 to 4 years, either in spring, autumn, or after flowering. It's important to divide them before the rainy season to ensure proper development of flower buds for the following year.
When dividing rhizomes, it’s best to select sections with 3 to 4 shoots. If the divisions are too small, they may not flower well the next season. After division, the upper leaves should be trimmed, and the rhizomes should be planted at a depth of around 20 cm. Most iris varieties prefer shallow planting, with spacing depending on the species—stronger varieties need about 50 x 50 cm, while others require about 20 x 20 cm.
For seed propagation, it's essential to sow immediately after the seeds mature, as this increases germination success and allows plants to bloom within 2 to 3 years. Bulbous irises are propagated through bulbs. After one year of growth and flowering, the original bulb becomes exhausted and produces new bulbs along with several smaller offsets. These offsets can develop into flowering bulbs after 1 to 2 years of growth.
In recent years, foreign research has focused on using various plant parts such as axillary buds, scale leaves, stem discs, and flower stems to produce new bulbs. This technique has significantly improved the speed of propagation and helped in cultivating disease-free and vigorous parent bulbs. These advancements have made iris cultivation more efficient and sustainable, offering new possibilities for both commercial and home gardeners.