The global population continues to grow every day and is expected to reach approximately 8.24 billion by 2030 [1,2]. This increase poses significant challenges for ensuring the supply of safe and affordable food. Fish, particularly rich in protein and omega-3 fatty acids, plays a crucial role in meeting these dietary needs [1]. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) [3], 67% of fish consumed globally comes from aquaculture, with Nile tilapia being the second most farmed fish species worldwide and the top choice in Brazil [4]. For tilapia farming to remain sustainable and profitable, it is vital to use high-quality feed containing optimal levels of nutrients like proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Such formulations ensure the nutritional health of the fish, support their growth, and enhance productivity while reducing production costs for farmers. Selecting appropriate ingredients for animal feed is a critical responsibility for nutritionists and formulators. Today’s market offers numerous advanced ingredients for tilapia feed production. Ingredients with high digestibility indices improve feed efficiency, ensuring proper nutrition and maintaining animal health. Protein hydrolysates, such as Chicken Protein Hydrolysate (CPH), Chicken Liver Protein Hydrolysate (CLPH), and Feather Protein Hydrolysate (FPH), offer highly digestible amino acids. Research by dos Santos Cardoso et al. (2021) [6] highlights their effectiveness in boosting tilapia feed performance. Feed refers to the nourishment provided to animals, whether for domestic or production purposes. High-performance feed is essential for tilapia to reach their full productive potential. Feed typically accounts for 60 to 70% of production costs. Thus, it is crucial to consider not only cost but also the benefits it provides, from basic nutritional needs to enhanced performance and health, including improved immune response and increased fillet yield. Tilapia farming often employs intensive systems, where fish are kept in high-density environments. This setup requires careful attention to feeding practices to minimize stress and maintain animal health, which directly affects productivity metrics like feed conversion ratio, weight gain, and survival rates [7]. Formulating feed involves considering factors such as feeding habits and species-specific nutritional needs to optimize outcomes across different stages of cultivation—larval, fingerling, and grow-out phases—each requiring tailored nutrient compositions. Feed digestibility is integral to nutrient absorption, health, growth, and development. Poor digestibility can degrade water quality by accumulating excretory residues, fostering harmful bacteria and increasing concentrations of toxic substances like ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates, which negatively impact animal health. Optimal protein levels protect aquatic ecosystems and support efficient biological functions in fish, aiding muscle growth and hormone production while bolstering resistance to pathogens. Beyond macronutrients, feed should include antioxidants and other protective components to counteract oxidative stress caused by free radicals, which can severely harm fish health. In a fiercely competitive market, producers must leverage innovative tools to maintain profitability. Like other farmers, tilapia producers must adopt cost-effective strategies while maintaining feed quality. Advanced feed formulations incorporating cutting-edge ingredients can enhance nutrient availability and animal performance. BRF Ingredients [13] specializes in producing and distributing high-tech ingredients, including protein hydrolysates. Enzymatic hydrolysis enhances raw materials’ nutritional value, creating products with superior protein quality. This process generates free amino acids and short-chain bioactive peptides with low molecular weights. Research published in the *Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology* [8] shows that these peptides boost immunity by delivering antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, regulating fat deposition, and more. When producing hydrolyzed proteins, the choice of protein source is pivotal, as it influences hydrolysis outcomes, product quality, and functionality. Main sources include pig and poultry offal. These yield products like Chicken Protein Hydrolysate (CPH), Feather Protein Hydrolysate (FPH), and Hydrolyzed Porcine Mucosa Protein (HPMP). CPH derives from chicken viscera, offal, and meat. Enzymatic hydrolysis breaks down amino acids and peptides into smaller chains below 3000Da, facilitating easy digestion. A study by dos Santos Cardoso et al. (2020) [6] found that CPH contains over 75% protein with a balanced amino acid profile and high in vivo digestibility, making it highly palatable for Nile tilapia [9]. Carvalho et al. (2020) [16] demonstrated that adding CPH to juvenile Nile tilapia diets improves key zootechnical indicators, such as size and weight, compared to non-supplemented diets. Chicken feathers are rich in crude protein but predominantly in indigestible keratin. Physical-chemical treatments partially break down keratin, though this compromises essential amino acids. Enzymatic hydrolysis under controlled conditions releases amino acids and peptides without altering molecular structure. Feather Protein Hydrolysate boasts a minimum of 750g/kg dry matter protein, featuring substantial amounts of essential amino acids, notably leucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan [16]. Pig offal presents a disposal challenge due to high productivity. Protein quality depends on amino acid profiles, enabling standardized nutrient delivery to animal cells based on growth patterns [17]. Hydrolyzed Porcine Mucosa Protein excels with an excellent amino acid profile and bioactive peptides, enhancing zootechnical performance and palatability. High-performing feed must deliver tangible benefits, especially regarding animal nutrition, growth, and health. Quality ingredients are paramount. In a competitive market, balancing feed composition with digestible components and palatability ensures higher yields and profitability. Staying informed about technological advancements helps optimize feed formulations while reducing costs. Choosing the right ingredients directly impacts results, affecting both animal health and productivity metrics. Evaluating all alternatives ensures optimal outcomes.
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Bathroom anti slip tape, PEVA anti slip tape, non slip treads, anti slip treads, shower anti slip tape Kunshan Jieyudeng Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. , https://www.jerrytape.comFeed and Its Role
Feed and Animal Health in Tilapia Farming
Functional Ingredients for Tilapia Feed Formulation
Hydrolyzed Proteins
Chicken Protein Hydrolysate
Feather Protein Hydrolysate
Hydrolyzed Porcine Mucosa Protein
Conclusion
References
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