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Fennel breeding technical points
Fennel, a perennial herb belonging to the Umbelliferae family, is known for its distinct aroma and versatility. Its fresh stems and leaves are commonly used in cooking, while the seeds serve as both a spice and a medicinal ingredient. Due to its unique fragrance, nutritional value, and health benefits, fennel has been widely appreciated for generations. In recent years, Taole County has leveraged its favorable geographical conditions and market opportunities to develop fennel cultivation on a large scale, achieving significant economic and social benefits. This initiative has also helped increase farmers' income. Since 1996, the county has successfully promoted the planting of 3,500 acres of fennel, generating an economic return of 2.1 million yuan.
Fennel is highly adaptable, tolerating salt, alkalinity, cold, and drought. It requires less water and fertilizer, making it a cost-effective crop with high yield and efficiency. On average, fennel produces 200 kg per mu, with a market price of 3.6 yuan per kilogram, resulting in an output value of 720 yuan per mu. With input costs of about 120 yuan per mu, the net profit reaches 600 yuan. In comparison, wheat yields 350 kg per mu, with an output value of 420 yuan and input costs of around 250 yuan, yielding only 170 yuan in profit. Thus, fennel generates approximately 3.5 times more profit than wheat.
**Cultivation Techniques**
**(I) Soil Preparation and Fertilization**
Choose well-drained fields with moderate fertility and low groundwater levels. Prepare the soil by breaking up the top layer and leveling it. During soil preparation, apply 3,000 kg of organic manure per acre, along with 15 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10 kg of urea to enrich the soil.
**(II) Sowing**
1. **Sowing Time**
Sowing typically begins in mid-March. Early sowing is recommended to allow sufficient growth time for fennel to mature properly.
2. **Sowing Method**
Manual seeding or broadcasting is preferred. The depth of the furrow should be around 3-4 cm, with a width of 50-60 cm. The seeding rate is about 0.7 kg per mu.
**(III) Field Management**
1. **Thinning Seedlings**
When seedlings reach 5-6 cm in height, thinning should begin. Remove weak, diseased, or excess plants, leaving only the strongest ones. Thinning is usually done 2-3 times, with a spacing of 40-50 cm between plants, resulting in 2,500-3,000 seedlings per acre.
2. **Weeding**
About 30 days after sowing, weeds can significantly hinder fennel growth. Regular weeding, especially during the early stages, is essential to ensure healthy development.
3. **Irrigation and Fertilization**
Fennel has a shallow root system, making it sensitive to drought. Irrigation is typically done before and after May 15th. During the growing season, irrigation should be based on soil moisture and plant needs, with 2-3 irrigations generally sufficient. Water and fertilizer should be strictly controlled in late August to avoid delayed maturity. Fennel prefers phosphorus-rich fertilizers, and excessive nitrogen is discouraged. A top-dressing of 7-8 kg of diammonium phosphate per mu is recommended during the first irrigation, with no additional fertilization in later stages.
4. **Topping**
Fennel’s main stem grows vigorously, which can lead to excessive flowering and reduced yield. Topping before flowering helps control growth, improve fruiting, and enhance overall yield and quality.
5. **Harvesting**
Fennel seeds mature unevenly, so harvesting in batches is advisable. Early matured seeds should be harvested promptly, with the final harvest completed by October 10th to minimize losses and maximize yield.