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Soybean blight control method
Soybean blight, also known as bud blight, is a viral disease that significantly affects soybean yield. The severity of the disease varies depending on the timing of infection, with yield losses ranging from 25% to 100%. In 1962, similar symptoms were observed in imported foreign soybean varieties in Shandong Province, and later in Hebei, Beijing, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. The disease is caused by multiple viruses, but no official pathogen has been identified, which means the causal agents may differ by region.
Symptoms of the disease are usually not evident during the seedling stage, though some rust-like spots may appear on the leaves. After flowering, more distinct symptoms develop. The top of the stem bends downward into a hook shape, and the tender leaves, buds, and stems turn brown and easily fall off. The pith also becomes discolored. The necrotic area spreads downward, and brown streaks appear on the petioles, while irregular brown spots form on the pods. Leaves often show no visible symptoms. Plants infected early in the season tend to be stunted, with few or no branches. Some may exhibit abnormal dark green foliage, enlarged sections, and reduced vigor. Even at harvest, the plants remain dark green and lack robustness, though the seeds look normal and do not show brown speckles.
The occurrence and spread of the disease vary greatly between years and regions, and its epidemiology is still not fully understood. Studies have shown that soybeans near perennial forages or wastelands tend to be infected earlier and more severely, while those adjacent to non-host crops like corn are infected later and less intensely. Soybeans can be affected at any growth stage, but they are most vulnerable before flowering. Many soybean virus diseases are transmitted through infected seeds, and once the virus is present, it is difficult to eliminate. Treatments such as chemical seed treatments or growing point culture methods are generally ineffective.
To manage the disease, several strategies can be employed. First, strict quarantine measures should be enforced to prevent the spread of the disease. Second, developing and using resistant soybean varieties along with virus-free seeds is essential. Third, controlling aphids can reduce virus transmission. At the seedling stage, insecticides like 2.5% emulsifiable concentrate of deltamethrin diluted 5,000 times or 40% omethoate diluted 2,000 times can be applied. Alternatively, 2 kg of 3% carbofuran powder mixed with 15 kg of fine soil can be used at planting time to control both aphids and cyst nematodes. Finally, intercropping soybeans with tall crops, sowing early, and removing weeds from the field can help reduce disease incidence.