There are many kinds of watermelon pests and diseases, and the harm is heavy. Especially diseases, it is easy to affect the yield and quality of watermelon, reduce the value of commodities, and seriously affect the income of melon farmers. The control of watermelon diseases, especially fungal diseases, is the key to improving the yield and quality of watermelon, and it is also the key to ensuring the benefits of melon farmers. First, the main disease occurrence law 1. Fusarium wilt Every year, the disease occurs in varying degrees, ranging from reduced output to severe disease. The pathogen is a semi-known fungus, caused by Fusarium genus Fusarium infestation. The viability of the bacteria is very strong. It mainly occurs in unripe organic fertilizers or in soils 15 to 30 centimeters deep. It can also winterize with seeds. The bacteria in the soil can generally survive for 5 to 6 years. Fusarium wilt develops rapidly at 24°C～28°C. The pathogens mainly pass through the root wound or invade from the apical cell of the root hair. Therefore, the occurrence of many land pests or nematodes with large incidence of wilt disease is also heavy, but the main conditions of the disease depend on the year Infected bacteria. In a suitable environment, germs can be transmitted through rain, watering, agricultural implement operations, and composted compost. In general, the head lice planted watermelons with lesser incidence, with an average incidence rate of 1.04%. The average incidence rate was 29.4%, and the highest incidence rate was 52%. In addition, low-lying topography, poor drainage, partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, poor root development and other melons are conducive to the occurrence of the disease. 2. Anthrax The disease is also an ongoing disease of watermelon, not only during the production season, but also during the storage and transportation of the fruit. The morbidity is caused by the infestation of Culex spp. of Cucurbitaceae. The bacteria attaches to the seeds with mycelium, or sclerotia and mycelia overwinter in the soil with the diseased body. Humidity is an important factor in inducing this disease. When the relative humidity is 87%-95% at the appropriate temperature, the incubation period is only 3 days. The lower the humidity is, the longer the incubation period is; when the humidity falls below 54%, the disease cannot occur. . The effect of temperature is not as high as humidity, and it can be affected in the range of 10°C to 30°C, and 24°C is most suitable. The humidity is above 97%, the temperature is around 24°C, and the incidence is most prosperous. The incidence is very light when the temperature is higher than 28°C. In severe weather, high temperature and humidity, excessive nitrogen fertilizer, low-lying terrain, poor drainage, and weak plant growth, the disease is severe. The disease resistance of fruits and melons decreases with the maturity of the fruit, so the incidence is also heavy during storage and transportation. 3. Bleeding The disease is the main disease of watermelon seedling stage, caused by Pythium spp. Pythium infestation. The disease is a kind of soil-borne disease. The pathogens use oospore to overwinter in the soil surface and live long-term in the soil. In late spring, the sporangia germinate under suitable conditions to directly invade the host with zoospores or buds. The mycelium of saprophytic life also produces sporangia and infestation of melon seedlings causes tripping. The re-infestation in the field relies on sporangia and zoospores produced by pathogens, spreading through irrigation and rain splashes. The disease is prone to occur when the soil is wet and the weather is heavy. When the seedlings are raised in a nursery or nursery in a small arch, the low temperature and the high humidity on the bed soil are the main factors inducing the disease. Second, prevention and control measures Prevention and control of watermelon diseases should adhere to the plant protection policy of “prevention and prevention, and comprehensive prevention and control.†Combine various types of prevention and control measures, use agricultural prevention and control as the basis, and use chemical control as a key prevention and control strategy, and choose and control the use of drugs during chemical control. , Strive for pesticide residues not exceeding the standard, so as to achieve the purpose of producing safe, high-quality pollution-free watermelon. 1. Agricultural control With disease-resistant varieties, select seeds. Select disease-resistant varieties suitable for local planting, such as “Jinxin No. 2â€, “Baohuaâ€, “Xinong No. 8†and “Zhengkangâ€. Seeds should use full seeds that are free from insects, mildew, and mechanical damage. Rational rotation, clear the garden in time, reduce the source of the disease. Many pathogenic bacteria of watermelon disease can survive in the soil for many years. A reasonable rotation is an important measure to reduce the disease. It is recommended that it should be rotated for 3 to 4 years with grass crops, which can significantly reduce the incidence of blight. In addition, it is necessary to remove diseased plant residues in time to reduce the re-dyeing of diseases. Timely sowing, to control the temperature and humidity of the seedbed, in particular to prevent cold damage and high temperature to produce high foot seedlings. Graft prevention. The use of Japan's hybrid generation Hulu or Chaofeng hybrid generation special anvil as rootstock, the implementation of grafting seedlings, can effectively prevent the occurrence of blight. Strengthen cultivation and management, nurture strong seedlings, and enhance the plant's own resistance to disease. Seed bed plus decomposed manure or other organic fertilizers, the average daily temperature above 10 °C sowing, keep the temperature during the day 23 °C ~ 28 °C, night above 10 °C, avoid watering at low temperatures. Daejeon planting should be selected well-drained plots, deep plowing 25 to 30 centimeters before winter; Qinchun intensive cultivation, ridge cultivation, and reduce the humidity in the field. Irrigation with sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, or subsurface irrigation can reduce the occurrence of damping-off disease, anthrax, and the like. Fertilizer application of formula fertilization, increase fully cooked organic fertilizer; top dressing to be carried out, avoid a lot of top dressing. In the absence of base fertilizer, late fertilizer, a large amount of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer, or the application of organic fertilizer without maturity, will cause the epidemic of wilt. 2. Chemical control Seed treatment. Use 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000 times, soak for 30 minutes, or soak in seeds for 30 to 60 minutes with 3000 times solution of 3000 times diluted with 25% Baoke, or soak in seeds with warm water at 50°C～60°C for 30 minutes, or use 40% Formalin 200 times liquid soaking for 30 to 60 minutes, then wash with water, then soak germination. Can also be seed weight 0.4% of 50% Ketan Dan wettable powder seed dressing, or 0.5% seed weight of 50% carbendazim wettable powder seed dressing. Bed soil disinfection. Use 50% carbendazim WP and 50% thiram WP to mix 1:1, 8 to 10 grams per square meter, add 10 to 15 kilograms of fine soil, and mix it to make up the soil. The two medicines are sprinkled on the surface and sowed with a third of the soil to cover the seeds. 3. Control of pesticide application during growth Before the onset of Fusarium wilt, spray 10% double-effect water-repellent agent 200 times, or 2.5% CHOE- 100 times, or 50% benomyl WP 800-1000 times, or 40 times in the early fruit set. % Sulphur Suspension 300 times Floccloxacin 4000 times, or 50% Carbendazim Wettable Powder 1000 times plus 15% Triadimefon WP 4000 times. Spray once every 10 days, spray 2 or 3 times, 900 kg per hectare of spray liquid, in sunny afternoon to prevent sunburn. The diseased strain should be immediately removed, the diseased point and the surrounding plants, with 2.5% Suspension 200 times, or Condit 500 times, or root rot 200-300 times, or 50% Benzene. Wettable powder 500 to 1000 times, or 50% enamel copper wettable powder 500 times Irrigation root. 0.4-0.5 kg per strain. Prevention of anthrax from the initial flowering stage of watermelon needs spraying, once every 7 days, once every 4 to 5 times. The agents used are: 25% carbon tetrachloride wettable powder 200 times, 80% large wettable powder 500 times, 68.75% Epstein water dispersible granule 1000 times, 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 500 times. Liquid, or 50% carbendazim WP 500 times, or anthraquinone MF wettable powder 400 times. To prevent and treat damping-off disease, we must constantly check the seedbed and find that the diseased plant is immediately removed and sprayed to prevent and cure it. You can use 25% of Rhizoctonia WP, 500 to 800 times of liquid, 64% of Antivirus, 500 to 600 times of wettable powder, 75% of chlorothalonil, 600 times of WP, every 5 to 8 days, even Spray 2 or 3 times.
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