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Method for cultivation of needle mushroom off-season
Shell pecans, a type of deciduous tree belonging to the genus *Carya* (often mistakenly associated with the walnut family), are native to the United States and Mexico. They are among the most economically significant dried fruits globally. Thin-shelled pecans have a delicate shell, rich in nutrients, and offer high health benefits, often surpassing local walnuts in quality. Beyond direct consumption, they are used in premium cooking oils, ice cream, and other food products. Their shells can be ground into fine powder, which is a high-grade polishing material and highly valued in the U.S. The wood is also prized for furniture and plywood production.
Pecan trees typically begin bearing fruit after about 15 years and can remain productive for up to 50 to 70 years. In Kunming, Yunnan, the phenological stages occur as follows: from late March to early April, the trees begin to bud; mid-April marks leaf emergence; new shoots grow rapidly from early April to late August; and by mid-November, the leaves fall.
These trees thrive in warm and humid climates, with an ideal annual average temperature of around 15.2°C. They can tolerate temperatures as high as 41.7°C and as low as -15°C without frost damage. However, cold temperatures during flowering may interfere with pollination and flower development. Pecans require consistent moisture, especially during fruit development between June and September. While they don’t need full sun, young seedlings benefit from partial shade. Mature trees prefer well-drained, loose soils rich in organic matter, such as limestone-derived loam or black soil. Red soil and sandy areas are less suitable.
Reproduction is primarily through sowing, though root suckers can also be used. Seeds should be fully mature before planting. Autumn sowing is recommended, with seeds placed horizontally. If not sown immediately, they should be stored in moist sand. Seedlings are usually grown for two years before transplanting. Grafting is another option, best done in spring.
For planting, select deep, loose, and well-watered sites on the leeward side of slopes. Spacing of 4m x 5m to 7m x 8m is ideal. Dig holes 1–1.5 meters in diameter and 1–1.2 meters deep. Line the bottom with straw, add topsoil, mix in 50kg of organic fertilizer, 20g of insecticide, and 500g of superphosphate. Plant seedlings in December to January, securing them and watering thoroughly. Transplanting should be done with soil balls when possible.
Pruning should be light in the early years, focusing on maintaining the main branches and ensuring good air circulation. As the tree matures, remove dense or dead branches and protect cut surfaces with a protective agent. For older trees, pruning the crown and encouraging new growth can rejuvenate the tree.
Fertilization is key to high yields. Apply urea in spring, special fruit tree fertilizer during fruit development, and organic compost in autumn. Spraying with urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate at regular intervals helps maintain tree health. Watering should be adjusted based on seasons—more in dry periods and drainage in rainy months.
In terms of pest control, common issues include leaf spot, scab, aphids, and giardia. Preventive measures in winter and timely treatment during the growing season are essential. Regular weeding and proper fertilization help maintain a healthy orchard.
For mushroom cultivation, particularly enoki mushrooms, off-season techniques allow for year-round production. The best time for planting is February to April, with harvests occurring from April to July and again in August to September. Two popular varieties, Jinxiang No.1 and Jinxiang No.2, are known for their resilience and yield. The growing medium includes cotton husk, wood chips, bran, corn flour, and other additives, mixed to a specific moisture and pH level. Bags are sterilized and inoculated under clean conditions, then incubated until the mycelium fully colonizes the substrate. This process takes about 20–25 days, after which the mushrooms can be harvested.