Integrated control of vegetable root-knot nematode disease

Root-knot nematode disease poses a serious threat to various vegetable crops, including Cucumber, Tomato , Eggplant, Spinach, sponge gourd, Celery , and Lettuce . This soil-borne pest specifically targets the roots of plants, with the most severe damage occurring on the lateral roots. Infected roots develop numerous galls that resemble a string of beads. These galls are typically round or cone-shaped, vary in size, and often have fine root hairs on their surface, forming lumpy structures. When cut open, the galls reveal small, translucent, needle-like or pear-shaped nematodes. Initially, the affected roots appear pale with a smooth and firm texture. Over time, they turn light brown, then dark brown and eventually rot. The above-ground parts of the plant may show stunted growth, yellowing, and wilting during dry periods. Relying solely on chemical pesticides for control is not only expensive but also often ineffective. Therefore, integrated management strategies are now widely recommended. Here are some effective methods: First, high-temperature sterilization can be applied during the summer when fields are not in use. After deep plowing and watering, cover the soil with plastic film and seal it tightly for 7–10 days. This method can eliminate up to 95% of root-knot nematodes. Studies show that temperatures reaching 54°C for 40 minutes can effectively kill the nematodes. Second, crop rotation is an effective practice. Planting crops such as Welsh Onion , Garlic , leeks, peppers, or grasses can reduce nematode population density in the soil, thereby controlling disease development. Third, selecting healthy seedbeds free from nematode infestation is crucial. If using existing seedbeds, expose them to sunlight to minimize the risk of nematode infection during the seedling stage. Fourth, since root-knot nematodes are mainly found in the top 20 cm of soil, especially between 3–10 cm, deep tilling can help reduce their numbers. Nematodes are less active in deeper layers where air circulation is poor, making this method highly effective. Fifth, timely removal of infected roots, plants, and weeds from the garden is essential. Burn these materials in a centralized location to prevent further spread. Disinfect farm tools used in infected areas to avoid cross-contamination. Sixth, during the early stages of infestation, applying liquid treatments can help manage the problem. A 50% phoxim emulsion diluted 1,500 times or 90% trichlorfon crystals diluted 800 times can be poured directly into the root zone. Apply 0.25–0.5 liters per plant for good control results. Lastly, in heavily infested areas, planting fast-growing leafy vegetables like lettuce, pak choi, and spinach can be beneficial. These crops are highly susceptible to nematodes. Once the roots develop many galls, remove and destroy the infected roots to significantly reduce nematode populations in the soil.

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