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Reasons and Prevention of Fuji Apple Deflection
The causes of fruit deflection, or uneven fruit shape, can be attributed to several factors. First, improper fertilization and pollination play a significant role. When there are many mature seeds within the fruit, they are evenly distributed across the chambers, resulting in a low skew rate. However, if the number of seeds is low or their distribution is uneven, hollow chambers may form, leading to a higher degree of fruit asymmetry. Additionally, the number of fruits per inflorescence affects this. If each inflorescence produces a single large fruit, the fruit shape index tends to be high. In contrast, when two fruits develop from the same inflorescence, both become smaller, and the fruit shape index decreases.
Second, the quality of the fruit itself matters. Fruits that grow in an upright position tend to have a higher correct fruit rate, while those that sag at the top are more likely to be skewed. This is often due to poor pollination or inadequate support during development.
Third, insufficient storage nutrition can also lead to fruit deflection. When trees store enough nutrients, it enhances the fertilization rate of the fruit and supports the early growth of young fruits. If previous fertilizer and water conditions were favorable, the fruit will develop better, with a more upright shape. On the contrary, if the tree lacks sufficient nutrients, fruit deflection increases significantly.
To prevent fruit deflection, several measures can be taken. First, planting compatible pollination tree species is essential. Orchards should be designed with proper pollination species to ensure effective cross-pollination.
Second, artificial pollination can greatly improve fruit setting rates. This method ensures that flowers are properly fertilized, leading to larger, higher-quality fruits. It has been proven effective in increasing fruit set and improving fruit shape. Bees, such as honeybees and wall bees, can also be introduced during the flowering period to assist in natural pollination.
Third, early thinning of fruits is crucial. For example, Fuji apples have a self-fertility rate of only about 1.5%. Removing unnecessary flowers and fruits helps reduce nutrient competition, allowing the remaining fruits to develop better and increase the overall fruit setting rate.
Finally, strengthening fertilization and irrigation management is key. From June to October, foliar fertilizers should be sprayed on leaves to supplement nutrients. Maintaining soil moisture between 60-80% is ideal for apple orchards. During droughts, watering should be increased, while excess water should be drained to avoid waterlogging. Insufficient moisture leads to weak fruits, while excessive water can cause excessive vegetative growth, poor coloration, and lower sugar content. Proper irrigation also encourages grass cultivation, which not only enriches the soil with organic matter but also helps regulate nitrogen and water levels, promoting better fruit coloring and quality.