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Golden Needle Bag Planting
In recent years, the production of Flammulina velutipes has experienced significant growth. As output increases, market competition has intensified, leading to a focus on achieving both quality and efficiency. While various factors influence the quality of this mushroom, the key to obtaining high yields and superior quality lies in the bud-shooting technique following the maturation of the mycelial layer in the cultivation bag. Several budding methods are used, including direct growth, regeneration, and the flea method.
One traditional approach involves placing the matured cultivation bag on a frame at 14°C (white variety) or 16°C (yellow variety), removing the plug, and exposing it to weak, scattered light to increase humidity. Once buds begin to form, the bag is opened slightly, and newspaper is placed over the top to maintain moisture and encourage further development into full mushrooms. This method is simple to manage but suffers from uneven bud formation, which affects the appearance of the final product. Additionally, high bacterial levels in the growing area can lead to poor air circulation, resulting in fewer strong mushrooms and irregular sizes. White varieties may also have excessive base fuzz, reducing overall quality. Although 2-3 harvests can be made, the long cultivation cycle and increased management costs make this method less efficient.
Another method, known as the regeneration technique, involves leaving the plug in place after the mycelium matures. The bag is then placed on a well-ventilated shelf with a temperature below 16°C (for yellow varieties) or 14°C (for white varieties). Buds are allowed to develop without immediately opening the bag. Once needle-like buds appear, the plug is removed, and the bag mouth is folded down. After 4–6 days of natural or mechanical ventilation, the buds may wilt, and the bags are moved into the cultivation room. A covering film is used to promote lateral branching, leading to more uniform mushroom buds. This method results in higher yields and better quality, with fresh mushrooms reaching up to 400–450 g (yellow) or 230–280 g (white). However, the process takes 50–55 days, and the mushrooms tend to be larger with more fluff, making them unsuitable for refrigerated exports.
A third technique involves removing the surface mycelium after the cultivation bag is fully matured. This method uses low temperatures and mechanical stimulation to induce dense bud formation, reducing the total cultivation period to 65–70 days. It allows for year-round or cold storage cultivation, ensures synchronized bud development, and produces visually appealing mushrooms with high yields. White varieties yield 240–280 g, while yellow varieties reach 320–350 g, with 85–90% of the buds meeting quality standards. However, the technique requires skilled labor and careful handling, increasing the time and effort needed.
Before starting the process, selecting the right strain is crucial. The mycelium should be thick, white, and free from discoloration or disease. A standard golden mushroom bag typically takes 26–28 days to fully colonize, but at this stage, the medium is not yet fully broken down. Additional 8–12 days of maturation are necessary to ensure sufficient nutrient accumulation. The bag should be evenly filled, with the top and bottom parts appearing plump and the middle part sparse.
The sputum germination method, introduced from Japan, has been refined through extensive practice. Though it takes 10–12 days longer than the direct method, it significantly improves yield and quality, especially for white varieties. Timing is critical—some growers suggest starting the process when the mycelium covers two-thirds of the bag, while others believe waiting until the bag is fully colonized can reduce yields by 10%. Research shows that physiological maturity is ideal for maximizing yield. Cultivation bags that are not fully matured may continue to release heat in cold storage, increasing cooling and ventilation costs.
To implement the method, an inoculation block is placed on the surface of the cultivation bag and the old mycelium layer, ensuring even distribution and removing about 10–15% of the medium. Each bag must be sterilized before use. After placing the bag in a plastic basket, it should be moved to the propagation room within one hour to prevent dehydration, especially during fall.
Finally, the environmental conditions for bud formation are set at 12–14°C. Although hyphal recovery is slower, this helps reduce contamination. Humidity should be maintained at 90–95%, with carbon dioxide levels close to normal (0.03%). Moisture is essential, and non-woven fabric is recommended. Spraying the fabric 2–3 times daily and keeping the ground moist helps maintain optimal conditions for 4–5 days. Care must be taken to avoid water seeping into the bag. Proper ventilation is also important, especially in seasonal setups, where air circulation must be carefully managed. In cold storage, fans should be adjusted based on external temperatures to ensure adequate airflow.