Cow disease prevention (tuberculosis)
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Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease of people and livestock caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is characterized by the formation of granulomas in tissues and organs, wasting, weight loss and death.
(I) The pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis is divided into human type, bovine type and avian type. Cows are most pathogenic to cattle. Bovine Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a species of long-acting bacillus, single or in a chain, is an acid-fast Gram-positive bacterium, does not form spores, does not exercise. M. tuberculosis in exudates and feces of diseased cattle can survive for several days, and sterilization can be sprayed with 2%-3% sodium hydroxide.
(b) Epidemic animals are sources of infection. Tuberculosis bacteria can be excreted with exhaled gas, sputum, feces, urine, secretions, or milk. When susceptible cows come into contact with diseased cows, or when contaminated feeds, drinking water, etc., can cause infection.
Poor feeding and management, such as shady houses, poor ventilation, crowded cattle, high density, lack of feed nutrients, and poor sanitation can all accelerate the spread of the disease.
(3) Symptoms After cattle have become infected with tuberculosis, they are slow. Due to different organs, clinical symptoms are inconsistent.
1. The initial tuberculosis cough was short and thick and dry cough, followed by frequent cough, wet cough with pain, rhinorrhea was sticky or purulent, respiratory rate increased, auscultation with dry or wet rales, and percussion chest was dull or semi-voiced. Diseased cattle showed progressive wasting, anemia, and decreased milk volume.
2. Breast lymph nodes on tuberculosis tuberculosis, no heat and no pain, the hind breast area can occur painless hard-solid swelling, reduced milk, milk thin, and some diseased cows atrophy.
3. Reproductive tuberculosis from the vagina discharge white or yellow opaque sticky, purulent fluid, containing floc, uterine horn enlargement, frequent cow estrus, increased sexual desire, repeated infertility or pregnancy abortion.
4. Intestinal tuberculosis Mesenteric lymph node swelling, phlegm, loss of appetite in sick animals, early diarrhea or alternating with constipation, followed by persistent diarrhea, fecal material was dilute, mixed with mucus or pus.
(D) Diagnosis of bovine tuberculin skin test is the main diagnostic method used by dairy cows. It has become a regular quarantine system, and every spring and autumn quarantine once. There are two kinds of tests: old tyrosine (OT) and purified porcine (PPD).
1. Tuberculin (OT) test
(1) injection site: adult cattle in the upper third of the left middle of the neck; within 3 months of calf shearing in the front of the shoulder, an area of ​​about 5cm5cm, in the center of the hair cutting, thumb and index finger gently pinch the skin, with The caliper measures its skin fold thickness and records it.
(2) Injected dose: Disinfected with alcohol at the center of the sheared area, intradermally injection of tuberculin stock solution: 0.1 ml of 3 months old calf, 0.15 ml of 3-12 months old cattle, and 0.2 ml of adult cattle.
(3) Observation reaction: The reaction was observed twice at 72h and 120h after injection. Check the injection local temperature, pain reaction and swelling properties. The caliper was used to measure the skin fold thickness and swelling area at the injection site, and a record was made. At the same time, the second injection was performed at the same site of the first injection at the same site of the first injection at 48 hours after the second injection. 120 hours after the first injection, observe again and measure the thickness of the skin.
(4) Judgment criteria:
Positive reaction (+): skin folds thicker than the original skin increased by 8mm or more: or local fever, pain, and showed no obvious diffuse swelling boundaries, hard and soft like a dough, the swelling area of ​​35mm45mm or more.
Suspicious reaction (): Inflammatory swelling area below 35mm45mm, skin fold thickness increased by 5--8mm.
Negative reaction (-): no inflammatory swelling, skin fold thickness less than 5mm, or only hard, chilly, significant induration.
2. Purified bovine mold (PPD) test was performed on the middle side of the cow's neck, and the amount of skin thickness was measured. 1ml, 72h observation. When the injection site was swollen, the skin thickness was increased by more than 4 mm and was positive; the skin thickness was increased by 2 to 3.9 mm, and the redness was not obvious and was suspicious; the skin thickness increased below 2 mm and was negative. Suspicious cows must be retested in the same way at the same site after 2 months; two suspicious individuals can be judged to be positive.
In order to be accurate, in the experiment, avian tuberculin may be injected at the same time on the other side of the neck for comparison. If the response to avian tuberculin is greater than that of bovine bacillin, the subject cow is considered not to be bovine tuberculosis.
(e) Preventive strengthening of epidemic prevention and regular quarantine are effective measures for prevention and control. The cattle farm should conduct two tuberculosis quarantine inspections in spring and autumn each year. Open diseased cattle should be slaughtered, and asymptomatic cattle should be kept in isolation or eliminated. Cow sheds and utensils contaminated by diseased animals were sterilized with 20% bleach and 5% of children. Suspected cattle shall be re-inspected 2 months after the quarantine. All suspicious persons shall be judged as positive; the introduction of cattle shall be subject to tuberculosis quarantine, and those who are definitely negative shall be re-admitted; the keeper who has suffered from tuberculosis shall be singled out from the venue in time. Asymptomatic tuberculosis-positive cattle can be reared on a remote site. This is a tuberculosis farm. The calves produced by the cows are immediately separated from the cows, fed 3-5 days of colostrum, and transferred to a transit station for feeding. The first tuberculosis quarantine was conducted at the age of 20-30 days; the second quarantine was conducted at the age of 100-120 days; and the third quarantine was conducted at the age of 160-180 days. If all three quarantine cases are negative, they can be transferred to health groups.
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