China: In accordance with Article 54 of the Food Hygiene Law of the People's Republic of China, Article 28 of the Hygiene Management Measures for Food Additives, Article 2 of the Hygiene Management Measures for Food Nutrition Enhancers and Article 99 of the Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China, food additives are defined as: Food additives refer to artificial or natural substances added to food for the purpose of improving quality, color, aroma and taste of food and for the purposes of preservative, fresh-keeping and processing. According to GB 2760-2014 National Food Safety Standard for The Use of Food Additives, food additives are defined as "artificial or natural substances added into food for the purpose of improving food quality, color, aroma and taste, as well as for the needs of anti-corrosion, fresh-keeping and processing technology. Spices for food, base agents in gum-based confectionery and processing AIDS for food industry are also included.
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What are the main points for feeding and management of gilts?
The management of gilt rearing focuses on several key aspects that are crucial for ensuring optimal reproductive performance. First, attention must be given to the control of sensation and boar induction. Gilts should be allowed to grow naturally until they reach 60 kg, after which their feeding should be carefully controlled to avoid overfeeding, especially in the early stages of breeding. It is recommended to feed them about two kilograms per day, divided into two meals. This helps regulate their growth and prevents excessive weight gain that could interfere with fertility.
When gilts reach 160 days of age, it's beneficial to introduce them to a mature boar for 35 minutes daily. The pheromones released by the boar’s mandibular glands play a vital role in stimulating estrus in the gilts, helping them reach sexual maturity more effectively.
Another important aspect is short-term high-quality feeding. Fourteen days before breeding, the gilts should be fed more intensively, allowing them to eat freely. This helps increase their ovulation rate, ideally resulting in around 2.5 eggs being released in a row. This practice significantly improves the litter size of first-time sows, which is critical for overall herd productivity.
The number of eggs released during estrus directly affects the number of litters. If gilts have a low ovulation rate during their first heat, this can lead to smaller litter sizes. Since gilts make up about 30% of the total sow population, their reproductive performance has a major impact on the entire herd. One key goal of using boars to induce estrus is to ensure the gilts are more receptive and emotionally ready for breeding. Unfortunately, some farms fail to track the number of days gilts spend in heat, which is an inefficient and inaccurate approach.
Breeding techniques also play a significant role. The best time to breed is between 10 to 26 hours after the sow shows signs of estrus. A single mating involves one boar breeding the sow once during her heat, which may reduce the number of boars needed but can make it harder to time the breeding correctly, potentially lowering conception rates and litter size.
Compound mating, on the other hand, involves using the same boar twice during one estrus period, with an interval of 8 to 12 hours. Some farms use different boars of the same breed at regular intervals. This method increases the chances of successful fertilization by keeping sperm in the sow’s reproductive tract longer.
Double mating refers to using two boars—either of the same or different breeds—within a short time frame (10–15 minutes) during the same estrus cycle. This technique can speed up egg maturation, shorten ovulation time, and increase the number of eggs released. However, due to the close timing, it may carry similar risks as single mating if not managed properly.
For the best timing of breeding, farmers often follow these four guidelines: when the vulva is swollen and moist, it's a good time for insemination; when the sow appears dazed, it's the right time to breed; when she stands still, it's the ideal moment for mating; and when the mucus becomes thick, it indicates she is in heat. These observations help farmers make informed decisions and improve breeding success.