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Diagnosis and Control of Wheat Stripe Rust
This year, wheat crops across the country have faced one of the worst droughts in recent history. Nearly a third of the nation's wheat fields have been severely affected by the dry conditions, which have weakened the root systems and reduced the plants' natural resistance to diseases. What's more, as the drought lingers, the threat of wheat diseases is beginning to emerge. According to the latest report from the Ministry of Agriculture on pest and disease monitoring, this year’s wheat is expected to face a significant increase in rust and other fungal infections.
Recently, the author visited several areas in Shandong, including Qingdao, Liaocheng, Heze, Tengzhou, and Jinan, along with local agricultural officials, to assess the condition of the wheat fields. They found that due to the prolonged drought, the wheat has developed weak roots and is more vulnerable to diseases. It is anticipated that in May, wheat stripe rust and red mildew will become more prevalent. Wheat stripe rust is a common disease in most wheat-growing regions of China, and it can spread rapidly under favorable weather conditions. Once it appears, it becomes very difficult to control, causing serious yield losses.
Wheat stripe rust is a type of wheat rust, which includes three main types: stripe rust, leaf rust, and stem rust. Rust is often referred to as "jaundice" because of the yellowish symptoms it causes. In China, stripe rust is widespread, with severe outbreaks occurring in certain years. For example, in 2002, some areas experienced a 50-80% reduction in yield due to the disease. Provinces such as Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Hubei, Yunnan, Qinghai, and Xinjiang are known for high occurrences of wheat stripe rust.
The symptoms of wheat stripe rust typically appear on the leaves, though they can also affect the leaf sheaths, stems, and even the ears of the wheat. During the seedling stage, small, round clusters of yellow spores form on the leaves. As the plant matures, the spores develop into elongated, bright yellow stripes that run parallel to the leaf veins, resembling machine-stitched lines. The epidermis ruptures, and a powdery rust substance appears on the surface.
**Transmission and Conditions Favoring Disease Development**
1. Poor growing conditions make wheat more susceptible to disease. Due to the severe drought before and after the Spring Festival, many wheat fields are underdeveloped and weak. Additionally, last year's increased fertilizer prices led to insufficient fertilizer application, further impacting wheat growth. Weak wheat is more likely to be infected by stripe rust.
2. Suitable climate conditions can greatly promote the occurrence of wheat stripe rust. When temperatures rise above 5°C, the spores begin to develop. If there is spring rain or condensation, the disease spreads quickly and can lead to large-scale outbreaks. If the weather remains moist and warm during April and May, the risk of stripe rust increases significantly. Therefore, while managing drought stress, farmers should prioritize the prevention of wheat stripe rust.
3. Resistance levels vary among wheat varieties. Over the past few years, many regions have planted the same type of resistant variety, leading to a loss of genetic diversity. This makes the crop more vulnerable to new strains of the disease.
**Control Measures for Wheat Stripe Rust**
1. Planting resistant varieties is one of the most effective strategies. For example, in Hebei, varieties like Buckwheat 19, Buckwheat 26, Buckwheat 5418, Fengkang 13, and Jingyou 626 are recommended. In Henan, Yumai 17, Zheng 8329, and Xuzhou 21 are suitable options. In recent years, many new rust-resistant varieties have been developed, and farmers should choose locally adapted varieties based on their region.
2. When planting resistant varieties, it's important to ensure a diverse mix of resistant types. This helps prevent the development of new rust strains and reduces the risk of resistance breakdown. Rotating varieties regularly is also essential.
3. Adjust sowing time to avoid early planting, which can increase the risk of stripe rust. Delaying sowing slightly can help reduce the chances of infection.
4. Apply fertilizers wisely. Reduce nitrogen use and increase phosphorus, potassium, and multi-element mineral fertilizers. Applying microbial inoculants can also improve soil health. When the wheat begins to green up, foliar sprays of natural alizarin-shuofeng 481 can be used, applying it 2–3 times.
5. Manage irrigation carefully. Ensure proper drainage after heavy rains and avoid overwatering in later stages to reduce disease pressure.
6. Chemical control is necessary when the disease is detected. A mixture of 20% triazole copper (Triaden) EC at 100 ml per 50 kg of water, combined with 2 g of Shuofeng 481, can be applied evenly to the crops.
By combining these strategies, farmers can better manage wheat stripe rust and protect their harvests from this devastating disease.