Problems in dairy farming communities
The purpose of the community planners to build a community is to gather a certain number of dairy farmers and earn a milk subsidy from the dairy company. The more cows, the more milk there is, the more subsidies. Therefore, in the construction of dairy farming communities, the owners consider how to increase the amount of milk. The health and safety of milk has not been paid attention to or not considered at all, plus the restrictions on funds, knowledge structure and land, in the planning, layout and design of the community. Naturally, there are certain deficiencies or shortcomings in the management and management, which will cause certain hidden dangers to the subsequent dairy cow breeding, production management, disease control, raw milk quality control, and sanitary environment control.
Easy to increase the difficulty of disease prevention and control
When selecting the ranch address, it is necessary to prevent the mutual spread of animal diseases between farms, and the natural interval is extremely important. If the farmer's cows are simply and artificially raised in a breeding community, and they do not pay attention to all aspects of management, even if there is a "six unified" management system, it is easy to spread the disease. Among the farmers, there are cattlemen, there are pawnshops, taxis, etc. It is said that the breeding cows are highly profitable and subsidized, and they are hired. The quality of personnel is a problem, especially the breeding benefits in recent years. It is often difficult to do "six unifications" when it is not good. In addition to the unified construction of the cattle farm and the unified purchase of fresh milk, the cows are all farmers, and the other production costs and management are managed. The pastures are planted or purchased separately. The feeds are purchased or processed separately, the feces are processed separately, and the coarse and coarse feeds are stacked separately. The cows are free to enter and exit, etc., that is, the working hours are also often managed, and most of the communities are difficult to achieve uniformity. In addition to work, it is common for the breeders to walk around or to make tea, chat, and play poker in a cluster of three or five. The feeding tools are borrowed from each other, and individual rope-breaking cows run each other. Since management can't keep up, the opportunities for the introduction of pathogens by other farmers and the spread of pathogenic microorganisms by people, animals and cows are often more than that of individual farms. The monitoring results of some diseases in recent years also illustrate this problem. If there are farmers who sell cows as the main profit in the small area, the disease in the community is often difficult to control, and new diseases will often occur.
Increase the difficulty of feeding grass and feeding costs
Due to the increased demand for forages in several farmer dairy cows, the relationship between supply and demand of pasture and land and agricultural and sideline products has changed, the prices of land and green roughage have increased, and supply shortages have occurred; the distance between planting land has increased and transportation costs have increased. Transportation machinery investment. Therefore, the cost of raising the breeding community is naturally higher than that of the relatively independent farm.
Increasing environmental pollution of dairy cows
Dairy cows are mostly used for pasture planting. When naturally digested, the cattle farms are generally used for exporting fish, mushrooms, fertilizers and organic fertilizers. Due to the expansion of the scale of dairy cows, the supply and demand of cow manure in this area has changed, the export prices have fallen, and the income of cattle farms has declined. If the number of dairy cows continues to increase, and the export sales are all problems, the farmers have to pile up themselves, and some pile up around the community, causing pollution in the community and surrounding environment. It has also been found that there are individual community farmers who have no place to pile up due to cow dung, but they fall into the creek on the side of the field, and people complain that it is not a small problem.
Impact on milk quality and purchase price
Dairy processing enterprises implement the purchase of milk according to the quality of the price. The community generally has a milk collection site, and it is also convenient for farmers to send milk. Shorter milk delivery time is beneficial to control the growth of microorganisms in milk. However, as mentioned above, cows entering the farming community have increased opportunities for infected microorganisms, and the types and quantities of microorganisms in milk will increase accordingly. In independent farms, if the number of dairy cows and raw milk reaches a certain level, dairy companies will also set up milk collection sites and have refrigeration facilities. Under the same management, the quality of raw milk is easier to control, and the price of milk purchase is naturally higher. .
Problems caused by other human factors
In the process of building a dairy farming community, there is a lack of planning to varying degrees, or the opinions of relevant experts such as animal husbandry, veterinary, environmental protection and construction are not sought, and it is subject to many factors such as technology, concept and capital, land, etc. In the construction and cattle farm layout, environmental pollution, dairy cattle breeding, dairy cattle quarantine and pasture supply, milking and raw milk cooling facilities, etc., are not fully considered or restricted, so they will be buried in the subsequent dairy production and disease prevention and control. Some hidden dangers that are difficult to solve.
The cell address is often unsatisfactory. When selecting the location, there is often no deeper consideration of the interaction between the surrounding environment and the farming community. After the cows were moved from the village to the dairy community, the environmental pollution to the villages was reduced, but some dairy communities caused pollution to the new social environment. The environmental pollution caused by other livestock and poultry farms, slaughterhouses, factories and mines, villages and past pedestrians, animals and their products has not paid enough attention to the dairy community. This not only affects the cultivation of pasture, but also affects the health of the cows and the quality of milk hygiene. For the sake of image and convenience, some of the districts were selected in the vicinity of the village's main roads and major roads, and also on the flat grain fields and other farms, slaughterhouses and factories and mines with serious environmental pollution.
In the southern part of the country with dense population and developed transportation economy, it is very difficult to choose a place that is suitable for medium- and large-scale breeding communities (fields). First, we must consider the interaction between the surrounding environment and the breeding community (field), the second is subject to land restrictions, and the third is subject to the influence of funds and water circuits. It is relatively easy to solve a relatively independent dairy farm based on local conditions.
Most of the layout of the buildings in the small area is unreasonable. In most of the cultivated communities that have been built, most of the houses are too densely constructed. Only the number of breeding heads is considered. As a result, the spread of disease between cattle houses is easy to occur. The area of ​​dairy sports grounds is too small or not at all. Difficulties and difficulty in placing haystacks, living areas connected to production areas, no obvious isolation and disinfection measures, etc., affecting the cleanliness of cattle farms, dairy cow growth and disease control.
Incomplete infrastructure support in the small area affects the investment and construction of infrastructure by the owners or farmers of the community due to reasons such as capital, property rights, income, site and management. As a result, the sewage treatment facilities are not perfect, or the cattle dung is difficult to stack; or the silage is lacking. Ammonia facility; or lack of independent veterinary room, disinfection facility at the entrance of cattle farm and isolation observation house for cattle and sick cattle purchased in the field; or insufficient equipment such as raw milk cooling irrigation, feed cutting machine, full mixed diet mixer, disinfection tank Some are also in vain.
The planning, layout and supervision of the community cannot be fully in place. Most of the comprehensive planning for the construction of dairy farming communities and the processing capacity of dairy products, animal epidemic prevention, raw milk quality control, land use, pasture supply and environmental protection are lacking. The construction of the community is very random. It is mainly based on the will of the landlord (proposer) and will be used while building, affecting the production of dairy cows and the prevention and control of animal diseases.
The internal management system of the community is not perfect, and the management is not in place. Because the households in the community do not have clear and strict restrictions, the entry and exit of personnel, vehicles and cows, the stacking of fecal waste, the treatment of sick and dead poultry, and the quality control of raw milk. It is difficult to form an institutionalized management. Most of the heads of farming communities want to manage but they can't manage them. The "six unifications" are mostly in the form. Some are just institutional forms. They have not been implemented in actual work. Each owner has its own management. There is a lack of systematic management of dairy cow breeding and disease prevention and control.
There is still a long way to go to the production management of dairy farms. It is customary for cows to eat what they eat, long-term maintenance and no grazing, lack of care for the brushing of the cows and limbs, animal epidemic prevention and health care work has not attracted enough attention, luck Seriously, the results: the cow's lactation potential is not played, the quality is difficult to guarantee, the breeding rate is low, the obstetric diseases are high and the elimination rate is high. The management of the account of the cattle farm's epidemic prevention, sanitation, disinfection, isolation, production records (including dairy breeding, milk production quality, feed and animal medicinal amount, disease treatment) has not been formed, or extensive and irregular.
The lack of green hay and silage is also a major difficulty in the development of the dairy industry. The composition of dairy cows is unreasonable, affecting the yield and quality of raw milk, and also affecting the effective use of cows' lactation potential.
The structure of the cattle house in the community also needs to improve the size of the structure of the cow house (including cow beds, windows, guardrails, troughs and sewers), and some of them are obviously not conducive to the heatstroke prevention, rest, diet and sewage of cows. All of this affects the healthy growth of dairy cows, the quality of raw milk and the control of animal diseases. In recent years, the government has strengthened management and policy support in the areas of community disease surveillance, pollution control and standardization. If the pollution control adopts subsidies to build biogas digesters and increase supervision, the pollution of the farming community will be improved.
Poor cattle is not good or bad, and the disease is the first to bear the brunt. The unreasonable diet structure and unsatisfactory feeding conditions are also important aspects. In addition, the price of milk is subject to the enterprise and the price is too low.
Focusing on the health and safety of dairy products, comprehensively improve the standardization construction of dairy farming communities (ranches)
For dairy farms (fields) to be built in the future, it is necessary to adapt to local conditions. For farmers with certain funds and the number of cows, it is advisable to promote independent farms and develop an appropriate scale. Promote dairy farms or breeding communities that are conducive to disease prevention and control, pasture supply, excreta treatment, dairy grazing and production management. Do a good overall planning, community address, layout, barn structure, internal facilities and cattle farm management, nutrition regulation, disease prevention and control, etc. should be comprehensively considered from the comprehensive consideration of dairy cow health, raw milk production quality, cattle economic benefits and environmental protection. Large-scale operation, truly and effectively promote the healthy development of the dairy industry.
Community (field) address selection to be scientific
The main considerations are as follows: First, the terrain is relatively dry, the ground is relatively flat, but there must be a certain slope to facilitate drainage and drainage, orchards and pastures that are digested by manure and litter; and second, away from pollution sources, such as chemical plants. , paper mills, slaughterhouses and other livestock and poultry farms, wherever possible, choose a place with natural isolation; third, complete water and electricity, sufficient water supply, good water quality; fourth, convenient transportation, but avoid the main roads (away from the village and The main traffic route is more than 500 meters); the five grasses and agricultural and sideline products are abundant in source, the purpose is to reduce the cost of breeding and control pathogenic microorganisms.
The internal layout of the community (field) should be reasonable
First of all, the barn should be planned in a unified way to ensure that the cows have a comfortable and hygienic living environment. The milking of the free-range barn, the free cow bed and the milking station are more conducive to the health of the cows and the quality of the raw milk. Secondly, the barn is There must be sufficient distance between the cows to ensure that the cows have sufficient active area (more than 3 square meters per cow) and other infrastructure reserves, and the barn is preferably separated by green belts; third, the living area It is necessary to separate from the cowshed and maintain a large distance and isolation facilities; fourth, the community (field) should have a wall, a disinfection pool at the entrance and each barn door, a UV disinfection house (dressing house), a barn downwind and Outside the community (field), separate sick cattle treatment isolation and disinfection shelters, and outsourced dairy cow isolation and disinfection observation booths.
The infrastructure of the community (field) should be fully equipped
Focusing on the health of dairy cows and the safety of dairy products, we must ensure water, electricity and roads to ensure good water quality. Second, we must implement unified stacking of livestock and poultry manure, construct manure sewage treatment facilities, and conditionally develop solid-liquid separation. Third, we must have a milking machine, raw milk cooling tank, feed chopper, feed processing and full mixed diet (TMR) mixer; four must have a veterinary room and breeding room, equipped with full-time and skilled veterinarians and breeders.
There must be a master plan for the construction of the community (field)
The relevant functional departments of the government should make full use of the geographical advantages of the local hills and mountains, combined with the number of dairy cows, labor advantages, pasture supply (including agricultural and sideline products, farmers to plant grass) and dairy enterprises processing capabilities, etc., for the community (field) The construction will make overall planning and rational layout to promote the comprehensive and healthy development of the dairy industry in the region. Ensure that the dairy farming community (field) completes a mature one.
Community (field) management should be institutionalized
Each farmer (farm) should be hard-working, participate in feeding management, and obey management. On this basis, establish and improve various management systems from the bottom up (including working hours, dairy epidemic prevention, entry and exit of human cattle, raw milk). Quality, etc., implement unified management, implement self-supporting and isolation and disinfection systems, and strictly control environmental sanitation and animal diseases. The veterinary department should strengthen supervision and pass the "Animal Epidemic Prevention Certificate" to review and standardize the institutionalization of animal epidemic prevention.
Cow breeding and management should be scientific
According to the natural requirements of dairy cows and the needs of production, we should give a good environment and full-price diet to prevent the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms and other various stresses, so as to ensure the normal growth and production of dairy cows. Activity is the most basic natural requirement of cows. It is necessary to adhere to grazing and change the habit of long-term support. Vigorously promote pasture planting and silage ammoniation projects, and establish grassland planting contracts with neighboring farmers to solve the bottleneck of insufficient dairy cows in southern China, especially the full utilization of winter leisure fields.
Large-scale dairy farming communities (fields), in addition to the general business risks, also have the non-stopping of animal feeding and the contagiousness of epidemics. Farmers must have risk awareness and ability to withstand risks. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a modern The company's business philosophy, based on the requirements of dairy production and animal epidemic prevention, conducts hazard analysis and key point control (HAC? CP), uses the concept of biosafety system to improve the quality of raw milk production, control of production costs and animal diseases. Prevention and control work.
After joining the World Trade Organization, China's dairy industry is facing a new pattern of international competition, and the quality of raw milk is the biggest gap between Chinese and foreign dairy products. Therefore, the high attention and strict control of the quality of raw milk is the main consideration of the majority of practitioners. Promoting the implementation of standardized construction scale dairy farms or breeding communities is the most effective means to improve the quality of raw milk.
The fundamental solution to the above problems is to solve the problem of human quality and the development concept of enterprises (communities, pastures). Strengthen the training of management, technology, law and other related businesses of farmland owners, management personnel, brooders and relevant functional department management personnel, improve the quality of employees, and change their ideology from grasping production to grasping quality. The state should apply the direct subsidy funds, project funds and energy to the business training, the industry supervision, and the harmless treatment of sick animals, which are beneficial to the overall health and development of the dairy industry. And support loan discounts. Focusing on the quality and safety of dairy products, we will strengthen training, grasp management, and promote regulation, and comprehensively promote the healthy breeding of dairy cows to ensure the steady development of the dairy industry.