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Appropriate sowing is the prerequisite for high quality and high yield. After the ground temperature, the ground temperature is stabilized above 15°C and sowing begins (Longkou and Laizhou in mid-April). The sowing is too early, the ground temperature is low, and the emergence is slow, which can easily cause bad seeding and dead seedlings; Late, the short growth period affects the yield.
II. Cultivating young shoots is the basis for the growth of seedlings. Only robust seedlings can grow strong seedlings, and they can lay a good foundation for the vigorous growth of plants and the formation of rhizomes.
1. The morphology of the buds and their influencing factors The buds are thick and short, and the tops are blunt. The buds are 0.5-2 cm long and 0.5-1 cm thick. The weak buds are slender and tipped and slightly curved. Ginger buds are related to the following factors: (1) Ginger nutritional status. Ginger balls are obese, bright in color, and rich in nutrients. The majority of young shoots produced are relatively fat. (2) The position of young buds. The upper buds and lateral buds are more fatty and the inner buds and basal buds are thinner. (3) Germination temperature and humidity. The proper temperature of 22-25 °C can make young sprouts robust, and the temperature is longer than 28 °C. During germination, a certain humidity is maintained. If the moisture content is too low, the epidermis loses water and shrinks, affecting the speed of germination and the quality of shoots.
2. Methods for nurturing buds (1) Sun ginger and trapped ginger. Sun ginger: 20-30 days before sowing, the washed ginger seeds are dried for 1-2 days. Role: Increase the temperature of ginger block, break the dormancy, promote the decomposition of nutrients in the body, and accelerate the germination rate; reduce the moisture content of ginger block to prevent the decay of ginger block; the ginger block with disease and inconspicuous symptoms will shrink due to dehydration, color Dim, conducive to selection. Do not over-exposure to prevent burns caused by high temperatures or excessive water loss affect bud germination. Sleepy Ginger: Place the sun-dried seedlings in the house for 2-3 days and cover them with grasshoppers. Role: To promote decomposition of ginger nutrients to facilitate early germination. (2) Seed selection. Ginger is selected from ginger block with large ginger block, bright color, fresh meat, no shrinkage, no rot, no freezing, hard texture and no pests. (3) Germination. The purpose is to promote the rapid germination of young shoots, make the emergence of seedlings faster and neat, relatively prolonged growth period. Germination temperature 22-25 °C, time 20-25 days. Under the condition of ensuring air permeability, try to increase the thickness of the cover and reduce the evaporation of water.
III. Site preparation, Shiji Fei Ginger roots are underdeveloped, poor absorption capacity, neither drought nor impatient, should choose deep soil layer, rich organic matter, water and fertilizer, irrigation and drainage, soft and breathable, slightly acidic soil , And implement 3-4 years of rotation. Fall ploughing deep 25-30cm, after the second thawing razor flat, and apply a lot of organic fertilizer. General Mu Shi quality circle fertilizer 3000-5000 kg, green camp high organic fertilizer 50 kg, lion and horse brand high potassium fertilizer 50 kg, Germany Red Bull brand potassium sulfate 15 kg, the ground leveling.
Four. Sowing
1. Preparation before sowing (1) Ginger seed. It is required that only one short and strong bud should be kept on each ginger seed, and all the other buds should be removed to ensure that the nutrient is supplied in a concentrated manner and the purpose of early seedling emergence and seedling seedling growth is achieved. Ginger should be about 75 grams. (2) Soaking. Soak the well-sweetened ginger seeds in a 300-fold + 300-fold solution of Kapok + Contired for 5-10 minutes (now immersed), remove and sow seeds. (3) pouring water. Ginger sprouts slowly, and it takes a long time to grow. Before planting, it must be poured with water. The emergence of seedlings is generally no longer watered.
2. Seeding method for flat broadcast: buds in one direction. Ginger seeds were sown at the bottom and then sprayed with a 400-600-fold aqueous solution of Condi's buds, immediately covering the soil to injure the shoots. The thickness of the cover soil is preferably 4-5 cm.
V. Reasonable and reasonable planting amount is affected by many factors such as variety, soil, fertilizer and water conditions, sowing date, seeding rate and field management level. Generally 5500-6500 strains per mu.
6. Shade Ginger is not tolerant of light and high temperatures. The seedling stage is in hot summer. If there is no shading measures, Jiang Miao is short, leading to a reduction in production. It must be shaded with grass and shaded with ginger sheds (Longkou, Laizhou and other regions may not shade).
7. Cultivated weeding and mulching with mulching: Ginger roots are shallow and should not be ploughed. After emergence, water can be used in conjunction with loose soil to protect soil, increase soil temperature and remove weeds.
After sowing, the ginger soil sowing was sprayed with weed herb on the ginger ditch and the surrounding ground (each field was filled with 160 ml of water and 20 kg of water per acre). Reverse the operation to prevent the ground surface from damaging the surface film.
Cover: After ginger sowing, cover the ridges on both sides of the ditch with a 1.2 m wide mulch, and keep the distance between the ditch and the upper membrane 15 cm. After the shoots are unearthed, when the seedlings come into contact with the upper mulch, punch the holes. Seedlings, when the first lateral bud occurs, remove the plastic film.
8. Reasonable watering
a) Germination period: Generally, the first water is poured when 70% of the seedlings emerge. However, due to soil or weather, etc. caused by soil surface before the emergence of seedlings, you can choose sunny and warm weather pouring a small amount of water, we must often keep the ground moist to prevent soil compaction. Generally, the first water is poured after being sowed for two weeks, and the second water is poured after two or three days.
b) Seedling stage: The groundwater is poured into the ground to keep the soil moisture 65-70%. It is best to water in the morning or evening in summer, and pay attention to drainage and flood prevention after heavy rain.
c) vigorous growth period: generally every 5-7 days, water once to maintain the soil moisture 75-80%, 2-3 days before the harvest poured the last water, to ensure that the roots of ginger harvest with some dirt, easy to store.
Nine. Fertilizer and earth grow Ginger has a long growing period and has a large demand for fertilizer. Different fertilizers have different absorption rules in different growth periods. 1. The seedling height is about 30 cm, and when 1-2 branches occur (mid-mid June), the seedlings are planted with strong tree-fertilizers, and the lion-horse-brand high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (21-8-11) is 30 kg or public. Fertilize (20-4-9) 40 kg, three times of flushing, each interval 10-15 days.
2. Before and after the fall to recover the fat. (The period of seedling stage turning to a vigorous growth period) Organic manure combined with chemical fertilizers. Generally, the Shizhongde brand or the Dexilai brand potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer (13-5-25 or 15-6-24) 100kg + green camp high organic compound ecological fertilizer is 50kg per acre. Top dressing method: 15 cm away from the base of the plant, open deep trenches, apply the fertilizer into the ditch, and then cover the ditch and cover the ridge, so that the original ditch grows into a ridge, and the ridge turns into a ditch, and finally drenches the water.
In order to ensure adequate supply of nutrients during root enlargement in mid-3.9 months, follow-up of supplemental fertilizer: Mu Chongshi German Shima Brand Compound Fertilizer (21-8-11) 10kg + Red Bull crystal potassium sulfate or 30g of Sandron's instant potassium sulfate (Split twice).
X. Pest control
(1) Ginger disease
1. Pathogen: Bacterial disease, Bacillus subtilis.
2. Symptoms of the diseased plant: The leaf is initially sagging and dull and then withered from bottom to top and eventually withered. The stalks first immersed in water from the base, yellowed, withered, and flattened off from the base. The rhizomes are immersed in water, brown and rot, and white juice is squeezed out to give off odors.
3. Transmission route and onset rule: pathogenic bacteria live in rhizomes and soils and survive in soil for more than two years. Invasion from wounds or natural orifices. Germs spread through ginger, soil, fertilizer, and irrigation water.
4, prevention and control methods:
i. Rotation of crop rotation: Ginger can be grown at intervals of more than three years, and the former crop is best for food crops or onions and garlic.
Ii. Soil Disinfection: Mu 122.5 kg with ridge Xin, evenly spread to the surface, deep-turned, flat, o water, covered. After 20-25 days, the film can be sowed 10-15 days before deep-opening.
Iii. Strict selection: Select the ginger block which is hypertrophy, bright color, fresh meat, no shrinkage, no rot, no freezing, hard texture, and no pests.
Iv. Site selection and site preparation: The sandy loam land with good terrain and high drainage.
v. Chemical control:
A. Before sowing, soak the ginger seeds with 300 times aqueous solution of Kangdi Lai for 10 minutes. After the seeds are well planted, use 600-fold aqueous solution of Kangdi Lei to spray ginger seeds and surrounding soil.
B, after the seedlings, one month before the onset of disease, and before and after the cultivation of ridges, each cultivar was applied to a single dose of 1 kilogram.
C. In the early stage of disease, 75 times of Kangdi Lai or 300 times of Logona bacteria or 400 times of water solution of the dragon's roots were used to irrigate the diseased center and surrounding plants, and 250 ml of water was poured into each plant.
(b), spot disease
1, pathogens. Known fungus subphylum, Ginger leaf spot mold.
2, disease symptoms. The main damage to the leaves, yellow and white spots appeared on the diseased leaves, the middle of the spots became thinner and easily perforated, also known as leukosis.
3, transmission routes and conditions. Mycelia and conidia were overwintered in the sick and soil. The spread of rainwater, favorable conditions of high temperature and high humidity, and inter-plant depression, heavy soil heavy disease.
4, prevention and control methods:
A. More than 2-3 years of rotation.
B. Select a sandy land with high topography and convenient drainage and irrigation.
C, balanced fertilization: to avoid partial nitrogen fertilizer, pay attention to the application of organic fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and trace element fertilizer.
D. Chemical control: Protectant: 800 times the product or zinc and 800 times or 800 times too. Therapeutic agent: 1500 times or 100 times or 100 times or 100 times more. Spray 2-3 times, 7-10 days apart.
(c) Anthrax
1 pathogen. Deuteromycoccus splenicus and Sporisorium sp. 2 symptoms. The leaves are mainly dominated by water-soaked brown spots from the tips of the leaves and leaves, followed by oval or shuttle-shaped brown spots. There is a small black spot on the surface when it is wet. 3 transmission routes and disease conditions. Mycelium and conidial discs winter in the body or soil. Use rain or small insects to spread. Weight loss, high humidity, and partial application of nitrogen fertilizer are beneficial to the disease. 4 prevention and control. A rotation. After the harvest, clear the garden. C balanced fertilization. D Do not collect water. E, chemical control: 25% fresh 1000 grams of liquid, Kaiser 1250 times, Tsui Bei 4000 times.
(d) Ginger skin disease
1. Cause: Underground nematode damage.
2. Prevention and control: (1) Soil treatment: Ridge Xin (method with ginger borer disease). (2) Before ginger ginger ridges, double-kill 1000 times and avermectin 3000 times to root.
(e) Jiang Yan. Also known as borers.
1 symptoms. The larvae invade from the leaf sheath and the stalk gap or heart blade, the leaf blade is film-like, there are residual dung debris in the wound, and the hollow stem is easily broken.
2 living habits and the law of occurrence. 2-4 generations a year, with mature larvae wintering on crops and weeds. In general, larvae begin to appear in early June and occur in large volumes from July to August. The damage is heavy, and it always harms the harvest of ginger.
3 prevention and control. A clear garden.
B. Control of Pharmacy: In the beginning of June, the giant thunderbolt was sprayed 1500 times. After 7-10 days, it was sprayed a second time. It could also be injected into the stem larvae on the ground. In the first half of July, the same agent was sprayed twice.
(Six) Spodoptera exigua
1. Jiaodong has 5 generations a year. In order to stay in the soil and winter.
2. Occurrence period: The first generation of larvae occurs in mid-June, the second generation after 20 days, ...
3. Before the third instar larvae were sprayed and controlled: Divide it by 1500 times, and die 1000 times.
Wang Chunlin
Ginger high quality and high yield cultivation techniques
I. Ginger temperature in cultivation season, not cold, not frost, the number of days suitable for ginger growth from emergence to first frost should reach 135-150 days or more, the effective accumulated temperature during the growth period should reach 1200-1300°C, and it should be The growing season is arranged in a frost-free warm season.