High-end apple bagging technology

The type of fruit bag and the standard of high quality fruit bag
1. Types of fruit bags At present, there are many types of fruit bags used in apple production in China. From the production of fruit bags, there are wood pulp paper, straw pulp paper, kraft paper, newspapers, non-woven fabrics, and plastics. Divided from the source of the bag paper: domestic paper, imported paper. According to whether or not the bag is translucent, it can be divided into light-transmitting bags and shading bags. The shading bags are divided into single-layer shading bags and double shading bags. The translucent bags are also divided into single-layer and double-layer translucent bags. Divided from the color of the outer bag: gray, grayish green, light yellow, etc. The inner coating color of the outer bag is generally black or dark brown. The inner bag usually has red and blue colors.
In general, the imported bag is better than the domestic bag, the double bag is better than the single bag, the milk white single bag is poor, and the plastic bag is the worst.
The apple bags that are currently on the market are the Hongyuan brand fruit bags produced by Shandong Penglai. 2. How to identify the quality of apple paper bags 1 Use the light penetration method to test the shading of paper bags. Pick a paper bag, set it on an open incandescent bulb, and observe the light penetrating the paper bag. If the light penetrability is poor, it indicates that the paper bag has good light-shielding property; otherwise, the paper bag has poor light-shielding property. The quality of the shading of the paper bag determines the speed and extent of apple coloring after bag removal. The quality of the shading of the paper bag determines the speed and extent of apple coloring after bag removal.
2 Test the water resistance of the paper bag using the water pouring method. Water is poured into the paper bag. If water forms a bead rolling on the paper bag, it indicates that the paper bag has poor water absorption and good water resistance; if the water is dispersed on the paper bag, it indicates that the paper bag has strong water absorption and poor water resistance. The water resistance of the paper bag can determine the strength of the paper bag against rain erosion, determine the service life of the paper bag, and also affect the infection of saprophytic or weak parasites on the fruit.
3 Use the cup mouth to test the air permeability of the paper bag. The paper bag was sealed on the cup filled with boiling water. The paper on the surface was gas-spilled to indicate that the paper bag had good permeability; when it was not gassed, it indicated that the paper bag had poor air permeability. The air permeability of paper bags affects the disease occurrence and fruit surface smoothness to different degrees.
4 Test the strength of the paper bag using the tear method, fire method and hand-twist method. Tearing method: horizontal tearing paper bags, wood pulp paper with burrs, high strength; if there is no burr without tears, straw pulp or wood pulp components are less, and the strength is low. Burning method: After the fire is burned, the paper ash is not broken, and the paper is good; the paper is crushed without forming, and the paper is poor. Hand-twisting method: Soak the paper bag in water for a period of time. After removing the paper bag, use two hands to stand on it. No lint or resistance, indicating good paper quality.
3. The quality of the standard bag of high quality fruit bags depends on the quality of the bag paper and the manufacturing process. The specifications and quality requirements of high quality apple fruit bags mainly include the following aspects:
1 The outer bag is of a suitable size (outer bag: 180-190 mm 145-150 mm);
2 The outer paper is soft, with good strength and not easily broken;
3 The outer paper has better hydrophobicity, shading, and air permeability;
4 The outer bag is resistant to wind, sun and rain and is impermeable to water;
5 The inner bag is of a suitable size (inner bag: 145-150 mm, 135-140 mm);
6 The inner bag is evenly coated with wax, the melting point is appropriate, and the high temperature does not melt;
7 The inner bag is water-repellent and does not fade;
8 The internal and external bags are separated and the viscose is tight;
The 9 bag mouth is made of wire, and the longitudinal incision and the vent are intact.

The time and method of bagging
1. During the period of red Fuji apple bagging, it should start 30 to 35 days after falling, and end within half a month. Bagging in the Jiaodong peninsula should be carried out in the middle or late June.
If bagging is too early, it is not good for young fruit development and fruit selection. Late bagging, rough fruit surface, it will inevitably occur fruit rust, poor degree of retreat, not easy to operate.
Bagging time should be sunny at 9:00 to 11:00 and 2:00 to 6:00. At the same time, an orchard should preferably bag all its fruits for management.
In order to prevent fruit rust in yellow varieties, bagging should be carried out before fruit rust occurs, generally within 20 days after flowering.
2. The method should be operated according to the bagging technical specification. Pinch the lower corners of the bag and puff it horizontally into the bag. Open the bag. The bottom of the bag must face upwards. Place the zigzag in the left hand and open vertically downwards, from the top to the bottom, not from the bottom up. The fruit stem is placed in the base of the longitudinal opening. The young fruit must be hung in the bag. Do not touch the handle and young fruit. Do not put the leaves in the bag. Fold the bag sideways and use the wire at the mouth of the bag. The back of the incision is folded and the bag is clamped tightly.

Picking time and method
1. Time. Pick the bag 15 to 20 days before harvesting. If it is too early, it is easy to make the fruit surface rough, and the color is dark red, but it is prone to sunburn and ringworm disease. If it is too late, the sugar content is low, the flavor is light, it is not easy to be colored, and it tends to fade after harvesting.
2. Method. Pick the outer bag first and then the inner bag. It is best to pick out the bags on a cloudy day. Generally, pick the bags when the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the bags is small, that is, take the bags from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. The inner bag was removed after 5 to 6 days (3 to 4 days of sunshine). Pick the inner bag from 9:00 am to 12:00 o'clock in the direction of the east and north of the canopy, and from 2:00 to 4:00 o'clock in the afternoon, pick the canopy west and south to avoid sunburn. When removing the bag, care should be taken to remove the bag, and then remove the bag from the top to the bottom to avoid falling fruit.
Bagging prerequisites and supporting technologies
1. Preconditions for bagging an orchard. Apple bags should be made in high quality orchards. In order to guarantee the effect of apple bagging, we must do the following aspects:
1 It needs to have a high level of soil and fertilizer water management. Bagging orchard should be made of grass, grass species should use white clover, ryegrass and so on. It is necessary to increase the application of high-quality soil miscellaneous fertilizers and strive to increase the organic matter content in the orchard soil. Before the bagging, topdressing fertilizer was mainly nitrogen fertilizer to promote the development of fruit trees in the early stage. During the later period of bagging, appropriate phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were added to promote the formation of fruit quality. The amino acid calcium liquid fertilizer was sprayed once every 2 weeks and 4 weeks after flowering to reduce or prevent bitter pit disease. Watering is usually done before flowering and before bagging, so that the soil moisture content is maintained at 70% to 75% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field. Conditional orchards can improve the orchard irrigation technology and change the flood irrigation into drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation or infiltration irrigation.
2 Reasonable pruning. Apples are mainly sparsely layered with small crowns, modified spindles and free spindles at the three main bases, and are based on the combination of light shearing and sparse shearing, winter and summer shearing, and long trees combined with results. The canopy must be air and light, the structure of the tree is good, the branches are strong, the equipment is reasonable, and the load is moderate. In the growing season, the light transmittance reaches 25% to 35%, and the amount per mu should be between 100,000 and 120,000.
3 Strictly spend thinning and fruit thinning. In order to ensure that the bagged fruit can grow up and grow well, it is necessary to carry out sparse flowering and fruit thinning, leaving the single fruit, the central fruit, the fruit on the strong branch, and the drooping fruit. Apples usually leave 1 single fruit every 20-25 cm.
4 To prevent and treat pests and diseases in a timely manner. Apples after flowering until bagging is a critical period for bagging apple pests and insecticides. Fungicides and insecticides should be applied on a regular basis several times to prevent insects from being trapped in fruit bags, especially before bagging. The days must be sprayed with a highly effective fungicide to make the fruit sterile. At present, the main fungicides and insecticides commonly used include: Dasheng M-45, thiophanate-methyl (methylthiophene), carbendazim, farmland music, and Lorse. Conditional orchards must also be sprayed with micro-fertilizers (such as calcium supplements, amino acid micronutrients, etc.) to increase the absorption of trace elements such as calcium, boron, iron, and zinc. After bagging, according to orchard conditions, the above-mentioned fungicides and insecticides should be sprayed to protect the leaves. One day before picking the bag, 80% of freshmen M-45 800 times + 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times, or 80% of freshmen M-45 800 times + 50% carbendazim 600 times, to prevent bag removal After germs infected fruit surface.
2. Matching techniques for bagging 1 Lay the floor reflective film. Reflective films on apple orchards are an effective way to improve the light microclimate in orchards. Laying the reflective film under the canopy can effectively improve the light conditions in the pods and the lower part of the canopy of the fruit tree. The fruit pods and the fruits growing in the lower part of the canopy can be fully colored to achieve the purpose of producing high-quality whole red fruits.
The bagging orchard is usually laid immediately after bag removal. A silver reflective film is laid on each side of the underside of the canopy along the direction of the tree. The outer edge of the reflective film is aligned with the canopy tree edge. The surrounding of the reflective film is compacted with masonry, and the work lane is left between the rows. Park film is about 400 square meters. L ~ 2 days before the harvest of the fruit will be washed away from the reflective film washed dry, high-quality reflective film can be used continuously for 2 to 3 years.
2 pick leaves. About 5 days after bag removal, the leaves or light-shielded leaves attached on the fruit surface were removed, which effectively promoted fruit coloring to avoid the formation of leaf shadows on the fruit surface; picking leaves must be moderate, and picking the leaves too heavy would cause the fruit surface to turn reddish Or appear sunburn symptoms.
3 Turn fruit. Bag transfer after 10 days can promote fruit coloring. The transfer of fruit should be conducted in the afternoon, and the transfer of fruit should be light and should not be heavy. When turning the double fruit, the fruit should be slowly turned in the opposite direction at the same time to prevent it from falling; on the fruit that is close to the fruit branch, a pad of foam paper or soft paper can be stacked to form a pad to prevent scratches.
4 before the spray. Before the pre-harvest coloring period, spray-free clean water is evenly sprayed on orchard trees in the evening with a mobile spray pump. Frequent spraying can not only wash away the dust adhering to the leaves and fruit surface, but also effectively prevent the occurrence of sunburn of the fruit, and is more conducive to maintaining and promoting the moisture content of the tree body, thereby promoting the full coloring of the fruit.

The main problems and solutions in bagging
1. Black spot disease. In the early stage of the development of black spot disease, needle-like black spots appear around the fruit pods, and the diameter of the black spots gradually expands, usually as large as sesame seeds, and some have a small white spot on the black spots. Lesions occur only on the fruit epidermis and do not cause pulp ulceration. There are several reasons for the occurrence of black spot disease.
One reason: Injury caused by improper use of medicines before fruit bagging can cause black spots. There are four major classes of agents that cause black spots: sulphur, copper preparations, mancozebs, and thirams. Therefore, the above four types of pesticides cannot be used before apple bagging.
The second reason is that the use of emulsifiable concentrates or coarse granules prior to bagging, and agents with poor suspension may aggravate the black spot disease. After the apples are flushed until they are bagged, the fluff of young fruit has just fallen off and the lenticels have not yet healed. The use of emulsifiable concentrates or coarse granules, poor stimulatory bactericides, insecticides, or acaricides with poor suspension rates will stimulate occlusal cell death and cause black spot disease. Therefore, after the Xiehua to the premise of bagging advocate the use of powder or water type sterilization, insecticide and acaricide, and the particles should be fine, the suspension rate is better.
The third reason is that Fusarium molds and Trichoderma spp. may cause the black spot disease to belong to the subspecies of the subphylum Bacteria, and belong to the genus of Alternaria alternata, which is also the pathogen of the apple mold disease. These bacteria generally do not infect the fruit surface, but the fruit after bagging is exposed to humidity, poor ventilation, and high temperature, which can easily cause pathogenic bacteria to form small black spots. In addition, the more contiguous the weather, low-lying, high-temperature and high-humidity, vigorous tree vigor, canopy closure, and excessive nitrogen fertilizer, the more likely the bagged orchard will develop. Therefore, in order to prevent black spot disease, in addition to improving conditions such as orchard scenery, it is a key pharmaceutical control measure to kill germs before bagging.
Four reasons: Conradronia mealybug may cause black spot disease bagging after concentrating on the maggots in the maggot to collect the fruit sap, causing small black spots, and more covered with white wax powder. Therefore, before bagging should be sprayed to kill Cornell mealybugs.
Five reasons: calcium deficiency, boron deficiency may cause black spot disease, calcium deficiency, lack of boron in the bagged apple fruit surface prone to black spot disease, so before apple bagging through the leaves sprayed calcium and boron, can effectively reduce the black spots The occurrence of the disease.
2. Red spot disease. Red dot disease mostly occurs after apple bags are picked. In the event of rain, many needle-like red spots are formed on the sunny fruit surface.
Causes: Alternaria alternata causes red spot disease, spotted leaf disease, leaf spot on the non-bagging fruit, but it not only damages the leaves on bagging apples, but also infects young fruit faces and Pick the young fruit surface of the bag and cause acicular red spot disease on the fruit surface. Therefore, the prevention and control of red dot disease should be a good grasp of the prevention and treatment of spotted defoliation before bagging, and the second is to grasp the prevention and treatment of spotted defoliation before and after bag removal.
3. Sunburn. The related factors of sunburn with apple fruit include: light transmittance of 1 bag of paper, whether there are holes in 2 bags of fruit, whether the fruit is suspended in fruit bags when 3 bags are bagged, 4 high temperature.
Should pay attention to the selection of high-quality fruit bags, do not let the fruit on the paper wall when bagging, put the fruit in the middle, pay attention to the orchard spray water in hot weather, you can also cut large ventilation holes.
4. Drop the fruit. Reasons: poor fertilization, malnutrition, too early bagging, injury and handle. Attention should be paid to spraying fertilizers during flowering, thinning and thinning fruits, and strengthening of fertilizers and water, which can be delayed appropriately.

Things to watch out for in bagging
1. Spray medicine immediately before bagging. Bagging has the effect of preventing diseases and pests, but some pests have invaded the fruit before bagging. If they are not destroyed, the fruit after bagging will not be directly exposed to the pesticide, and the infected insects will continue to be damaged in the bag. Fruit, lost the significance of bagging. Apple is sensitive to fruit infection before flowering. Ringworm disease, anthrax, and mycotic disease are easy to invade fruit in this period, but do not make it. (After August, when the sugar content in the fruit increases, acidity, calcium concentration, and acid content decrease, it will happen) This phase is also the peak period of absorption of various elements such as calcium and boron. It is also the concurrent phase of various pests such as whitefly, aphid, red spider, and leaf leaf moth. It is also a critical period for the growth of the longitudinal diameter of fruits. The period must be sprayed and sprayed on a regular basis, which has a great effect on preventing and controlling diseases and insects, increasing fruit setting rate, increasing fruit weight, and preventing deficiency of essential diseases.
2. Strictly carry out thinning and fruit thinning. Carefully carry out sparse flowering and fruit thinning, remove weak flowers, late silk flowers, silk flowers, and tip flowers. When the fruit is set, leave a fruit at 20-25 centimeters, and leave the center fruit, the fruit with a long stem, and the flowers that are not closed. Fruit, small fruit, flat fruit, glutinous fruit, fleshy shank fruit, tianguo fruit, pest fruit, and wounded fruit. Strictly control the amount of fruit left, and the amount of fruit left per acre should generally not exceed 13,000.
3. Increase organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. To increase the amount of organic fertilizer applied, the use of high-quality chicken manure as organic fertilizer is more than 6,000 kg per mu. Foliar analysis or soil nutrient diagnosis should be performed before the conditional orchard top dressing to determine the reasonable amount and proportion of topdressing fertilizer. At the same time, according to different stages of fruit tree growth and development of balanced fertilization, pay attention to nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium, especially in the middle and late increase in potassium, phosphate fertilizer, combined with sprayed foliar tree on the tree, is conducive to fruit coloring.
4. To master the bagging time. Apple bagging is very important. In the Shandong peninsula, the suitable time for the red variety bagging is in the upper and middle of June; in the yellow variety to prevent fruit rust, bagging should be carried out before fruit rust occurs, usually within 20 days after flowering.
5. Select high quality fruit bags. To use high quality fruit bags that meet the standards, old fruit bags and newspaper bags are not recommended, plastic film bags and poor quality fruit bags are prohibited.
6. Select fruit bags for the variety. The fruit bag type and size should be determined according to the type of fruit coloring, whether it is easy to color, size, shape, and the like.
For hard-to-color red varieties (such as Red Fuji, etc.), the outer bag should be gray in appearance, black in the inside, and the inner bag should be a double bag of red wax paper.
For the easy-to-color red varieties (such as the new red star, the Jura, etc.), a double-layered bag can be used (the outer bag is gray on the outside, and the inside is black), and a single-layer bag can also be used (the appearance is gray, and the inside is black).
For yellow varieties (such as gold crown, etc.), waxy yellow striped single-layer bags with good light transmission performance can be used.
For large fruit varieties (such as Red Fuji, etc.) should choose the outer bag length and width of 190 mm -150 mm fruit bag.
For small fruit varieties (such as Paula, etc.) should choose the outer bag length and width of 180 mm -140 mm fruit bag.
7. Bagging technology should be standardized. When the fruit bagging operation technology is not standardized will result in low yield of bagging fruit. Strictly follow the technical regulations for bagging, seal the bag tightly when it is bagged, prevent the insects from entering the bag and propagate the fruits, and prevent the liquid and rainwater from entering the bag and contaminating the fruit. When bagging, do not make the fruit bag close to young fruit, so as to avoid rough surface or fruit rust.
8. The management after bagging should be timely. 1 Check the pests and diseases in the bag at any time. The pests that like to penetrate into the bag mainly include Cornelian mealworms, apple amaranth, etc., especially the results of large trees and aging trees are more prone to the occurrence of the above pests, if it is found that the harmful insects in the bags invade, it is necessary to spray fumigation insecticides. , such as music instruments, farm music and so on.
2 According to the rainfall and windy weather conditions, timely check the fruit bag mouth dressing situation. If the pouches are loose, be sure to tie them up again. The paper bags must be replaced with new ones. If you do not take the above measures, it will result in defective results and loss of commodity value.
3 Lift the fruit branch and straighten out the fruit. With the fruit's enlargement and weight gain, the growth position of the fruit and the fruit branch has changed. According to the actual situation, the fruit should be straightened so as to droop downwardly, avoiding branch grinding, and at the same time improving the fruit shape index. Because of the large fruit load and the fruit branches that are piled down, it is imperative to carry out overhead lifting to ensure the normal angle to adjust the scenery conditions of the whole tree.
4 Remove yellow and pressed leaves. After the fruits are bagged, many rosette leaves on the fruit stage are brown due to poor light, or the two fruits sandwich the leaves. This situation is the most likely to breed pests and diseases, and the yellow-squeezing leaves should be removed at any time to ensure that the branches see the light and fruit. Xiangyang, branches, leaves, fruits grow healthily.
5 After bagging, care must be taken to prevent pests and diseases. Although the fruit is protected by paper bags, the tree body still needs spraying. After bagging, care should be taken to prevent and treat diseases such as ringworm, anthrax, spotted leaf disease, brown spot, and bollworms such as cotton bollworm, cornelian whitefly, peach borer, leaf roller moth, gold moth, red and white spider, etc. .
9. Matching technologies must keep up. One or more days before picking the bag, a highly effective fungicide should be sprayed to prevent the bacteria from infecting the fruit after picking the bag. After the bag was taken, the silver reflective film was laid in time, and the leaves and fruit were picked timely.
10. Sticker art fruit production. With the development of the apple industry, the art of stickers has become an important way to increase the grade of Apple and increase the value and benefits of Apple products. Apple stickers are based on the part of the sun shining fruit surface color, paste does not color. All red apple varieties can be posted.
1 The choice of fruit. The purpose of the apple stickers is to produce high-end fine apples. Therefore, when selecting the fruit, it is necessary to select the shape, high stakes, and fruit of a uniform and consistent drooping fruit, no pests and diseases, clean the fruit surface.
2 Sticker choices. To choose a good sticker produced by a regular manufacturer, after the bad quality stickers are affixed to the fruit surface, it may cause sunburn or stimulate the skin and affect the appearance.
3 Posting content: The content of the posting is mainly a few blessings, such as "Fu", "Lo", "Shou", "Happy", "Auspicious", "Ruyi", "Everything is Easy", "Fortune into treasure" , "I wish to make a come true", "life of the year" and other writings, the pattern can choose the Chinese zodiac, figures, flowers, birds, fish and so on.
4 Time and method of posting. The sticking time should be carried out at the same time as the bags are picked. It is best to pick out the side of the bag. The method is to take off the outer bag, and open the inner bag with the head in the direction of the fruit shank. Place the word in the middle of the positive side of the fruit and smooth it. In order to facilitate the harvesting, several words can be placed on adjacent trees when sticking the words.
5 When harvesting the wording fruit, it must be handled lightly when it is harvested to prevent touching, pressing, stabbing, tying, scratching, etc., and cutting the handle, and at the same time, putting the same word in one piece for convenience. package.
6 The packing fruit of the wording fruit should adopt the gift box small packing. First, the word will be peeled off, and the conditions can be cleaned and waxed, and then packaged in different specifications of polyethylene die into the carton according to the size of the fruit. The most common package number is 8, 12, 16 in three sizes.
11. Suitable harvesting. Generally, the apple varieties are suitable for harvesting in two stages (approximately 8 days apart) within 15 to 20 days after the removal of the inner bag. The order of fruit picking is firstly followed by lowering, firstly outside and then inside. As the bagged fruit skin is thin and tender, during the harvesting and handling process, care should be taken with care to reduce touch, pressure, thorns, scratches, etc. The requirement is to: harvest and grading to maximize the value of fruits and economic benefits. For late-maturing varieties, the later the harvest, the better the coloring and the better the quality.

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