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(1) Colonization of deciduous fruit trees and evergreen fruit trees at the time of planting should be relatively stopped in the aboveground parts of the seedlings, and it is appropriate when the soil temperature is above 5-7°C. Deciduous fruit trees are generally planted before winter sprouts and before new shoots are sprouted. Evergreen fruit trees are usually planted before sprouting in the spring. Nutrition bag nursery can be planted throughout the year.
(b) Planting density plant spacing spacing range from 3 to 3.5 x 4 meters for citrus, 4X to 4 meters for peach, plum, loquat, plum, and bayberry, and 5x5 meters for pear, chestnut and persimmon.
(three) the method of colonization
1, preparation before planting 1 fixed point digging. Plan and design the orchard before planting and level the ground. A large hole with a length, width and depth of 1x1x0.8m was dug at the well-established site. When digging, the topsoil and the soil and soil were piled separately. When the soil was filled, the top soil and the bark soil were put at the bottom of the hole, and then the organic matter was layered and buried (green manure available). , weeds, straw, garbage, etc.), a layer of fodder, a layer of soil, sprinkle some lime properly. The upper layer should be applied with cake fat, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, manure, etc., and mix well with the soil, and then make a 20-30cm high mound. Requirements under the big fertilizer, that is, under each hole 2 forage material, earth miscellaneous fertilizer 2 Tam, cake fertilizer 1.5-2.5 kg, calcium magnesium phosphate 1-1.5 kg, lime 1-1.5 kg. 2 Seedling selection. Requires pure seedling varieties, complete and developed roots, 2-3 branches, short thick branches, full buds, grafted joints are intact, seedlings up to specification requirements, no strong seedlings with quarantine pests and diseases. 3 seedling treatment. Before planting, the seedlings shall be graded, classified and planted, and the fractures of the roots shall be leveled; the roots with developed main roots shall be treated with root cuttings or roots; the seedlings shall be dispelled and disinfected, and the seedlings transplanted without soil shall be rooted. Dirt slurry.
2. Planting techniques When planting, plant the seedlings inside the cavern first, and then fill the roots with the topsoil containing the decomposed organic fertilizers. After the soil covers the roots, the seedlings are slightly shaken and gently lifted to allow the roots to stretch and the roots are tightly integrated with the soil. Then continue to fill the practical. If it is a fruit seedling with a soil ball, directly put the seedling into the hole and water it after filling. Note that the ball cannot be dispersed. To shallow planting, that is, the grafting interface should be exposed to the ground 1-2cm (but bayberry should be deep). After planting, the soil around the seedlings was cultured into a disc with a slightly higher outer edge and a slightly lower middle, and the roots were filled with water and covered with straw or weeds. Set up a pillar to prevent the wind from blowing seedlings. After planting, sunny days were watered once a week and watered once a month and half until survival. 2. What are the technical points for interplanting between orchards? The crowns and root systems of juvenile fruit trees are small, and green manures and other short-term cash crops can be planted in gaps between plants. A reasonable interplanting can not only increase income and cover the orchard soil, inhibit weeds, reduce erosion, reduce soil temperature in summer, and maintain soil moisture, but also use green crops, stems and leaves, stalks for greening, increase organic matter, and improve soil quality. . Orchard intercropping does not affect the growth and development of fruit trees. The following points should be noted when selecting intercrops: 1 It can improve soil fertility, yield, quality and consumption of fertilizer. 2 Dwarf or pod growth, no climbing, does not affect the light of fruit trees. 3 Fertility period is short, fertilizer is needed, water demand peaks and fruit trees are staggered. 4 There are no similar pests and diseases to fruit trees. 5 has a certain economic value.
The best interplanting planting green manure, in addition can also be planted peanuts, soybeans or vegetables, edible fungi, Chinese herbs. Interplanting green manure should be based on legume green manure. Summer green manure is planted in March-April, and Indian cowpea, black mung bean, bamboo bean, pig kidney bean, Japanese quince, musk pod, peanut, soybean, etc. can be selected; winter green manure can be sown in autumn 8-10 months. , wolfberry fruit, arrow tongue peas, milk vetch, fat field radish, beans and so on.
Green manure should be cut green and buried under full blossom or green barley. At this time, the yield is high and the quality is good. Indian cowpea can cut green 2-3 times a year. The method of application has the best effect of direct burial and embossing, and can also be applied after the compost is applied to the soil or eroded in the pool. Intercropping can only be planted on the periphery of the canopy, 1-3 year-old saplings should be set aside for 1-1.5-meter tree trays without interplanting. Since the tree crowns and root systems are expanded year by year, the intercropping area will be reduced year by year, and it is generally not appropriate to enter the orchard during fruit period. Interplanting. At the same time, according to the requirements of fruit trees and inter-crops themselves, their own cultivation and management should be strengthened to avoid the conflict between fertilizer and water among intercropping and fruit trees.
Third, the low-yield orchard transformation of any technical points cause a lot of low-yielding fruit trees, to cause low-yield causes, take effective technological measures to transform.
(1) Garden renovation The garden is renovated. The mountain orchard requires a level terrace (15cm in height), a ditch (10-20cm in depth), and a terrace with a slight inward slope. The top of the orchard requires a cap. Flood control ditch; park road trenches are orderly, drains have falling water facilities. Flatland orchards are to dig deep into the drainage ditch in order to facilitate the drainage of water and lower the water table. The orchards have supporting facilities such as diversion, storage, septic tanks, pig houses, roads, and management houses.
(II) Land reform
1, expand the hole to improve soil. In the canopy dripping lines, dig long, wide and deep trenches of 100x80x60 cm, layering weeds or green manure more than 20 kilograms, or soil miscellaneous fertilizers more than 100 kilograms, cake fertilizer 2-3 kilograms, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1-2 kilograms, Lime 1-2 kilograms, expanding the location of soil to expand the hole should be moved out of the year, pay attention to not leave a partition.
2, deep to earth. Generally in the dormant period of fruit trees, the whole garden will be turned 20 cm deep (the crown can be shallower). If the soil is acidic, 30-50 kg of lime should be applied per acre before deep plowing to adjust the soil pH. After deep plowing, each soil will be 5-10 tons.
3. The garden is interplanted with green manure, covered with weeds, etc. or promote grass cultivation.
4, rational fertilization, increase organic fertilizer, promote nutritional diagnosis and formula fertilization.
(III) Tree Reform
1, a reasonable tree thinning, pruning large branches, "open skylight."
2, aging tree retreat pruning, update sticks, restore the tree vigor.
3, tree-shaped chaotic, un-shaped trees trimmed with large branches and other methods to correct, cultivate a reasonable tree.
4. Make new varieties of elite and inferior trees with high quality.
5. For poorly pollinated fruit trees, high grafting and high pollination varieties. Fruits and vegetables, fruit bags, etc.
(4) Comprehensive prevention and control of plant diseases and pests, based on agricultural control, and rational use of chemical control, biological control, and physical and mechanical control measures based on the clearing of winter gardens. In addition, a variety of ecological agricultural models should be integrated in the orchard transformation, such as the “fruit-grazing-biogas†ecological orchard model, and new varieties, new technologies, new fertilizers, new pesticides, new machinery, etc. should be promoted according to local conditions, making them organic. Combination, assembly and matching to improve the efficiency of the transformation.
4. What are the main purposes, roles and basis of fruit tree pruning? Fruit tree pruning is an important technique in fruit tree cultivation and plays an important role in shaping, regulating tree structure and growth, and improving fruit quality. The main purpose of pruning in young age is: to shape and advance the results, that is to cultivate high yield and quality, stable tree shape, shorten the period of vegetative growth, and advance the results; the main purpose of the trimming period is to maintain the integrity of the crown structure and regulate the contradiction between growth and results. , to achieve high quality, high yield for successive years, to prevent premature aging; to prolong the period of full fruit; the main purpose of pruning during the debilitating period is to reduce some of the long points by pruning, to promote the concentrated supply of nutrients, and to obtain a certain degree of growth potential and fruitfulness of the whole tree or locality. Recover to prolong the fruit period.
The main role of fruit tree pruning:
1, adjust the spatial position of the foliage;
2, regulate the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth;
3, regulating the distribution of nutrients and moisture within the tree;
4, regulate the growth potential between groups and individuals. The basis of fruit tree pruning: 1. Apical dominance; 2. Heterogeneity of buds; 3. Variety habits; 4. Ecological factors.
5. What are the basic principles for the establishment of orchards? The establishment of orchards must adhere to the principles of "one unified administration," "two benefits," "three guarantees," "four major," and "five matching" principles. Uniform: unified planning; two excellent: excellent varieties, high quality seedlings; three guarantees: maintaining fertilizer, soil conservation, water conservation; four major: large platforms, large holes, large fertilizers, large seedlings; five supporting: comprehensive management of mountains, water, fields, forests, roads , Matching each other. What are the requirements for temperature and other conditions in several fruit trees?
1. 枇æ·: The average annual temperature is required to be above 15oC, and the temperature should not be lower than -3 to -4oC in winter;
2, bayberry: suitable for the average annual temperature of 15--20oC, the annual rainfall of not less than 1000 mm;
3. Peach: It is required that there is a certain period of low-temperature dormancy in winter, that is, 200-700 hours below 7.2oC. The requirements for low temperatures vary from variety to variety.
4, India dates: is a tropical fruit, low temperature is the main limiting factor in the development of Indian dates. Economic cultivation requires an average annual temperature above 19oC, and an extreme minimum temperature of no less than -1. OoC, ≥1OoC activity accumulated temperature above 6500oC, basically frost-free area planted.
5. Hybrid citrus: Generally, the regions with an average annual temperature above 18oC can be cultivated, but in winter, when the temperature is low, the fruits may be affected by varying degrees of freezing injury.
6. Premature pears: Generally, southern counties (cities, districts) require cultivation at an altitude of 700 meters above sea level; northern counties (cities, districts) require cultivation at altitudes above 500 meters.
VII. What are the main technologies of fruit tree antifreeze?
1, divided fruit picking. Batching fruit in batches in batches timely can not only guarantee fruit quality, maintain strong tree vigor and reduce nutrient consumption in branch shoots, but also avoid the loss of balance due to moisture loss in a single harvest and serious defoliation.
2, trunk white. Before the advent of frost, use 10 kg of quicklime, 1 kg of sulfur powder, 0.2 kg of salt, and 30-40 kg of water. Stir in a paste and apply it to the trunk.
3, irrigation before freezing. Watering or irrigating before freezing. Irrigation must be carried out before cooling, and immediately after irrigation. When water is applied in combination with human excreta, the effect is better. After freezing, it is not appropriate to re-irrigation, so as to avoid freezing damage.
4, smoke smoke. Before the onset of the cold current, the orchards prepared flammable smoke, such as chaff, sawdust, and turf, and piled every 10 meters (a small amount of waste diesel oil could be infiltrated with flammable smoke, which could increase the smoke heat). It was the night before the cold current. After the point, ignite flammable smoke. Increase the temperature with smoke, insulation frost.
5, cover. In the winter, it is covered with green manure, draft stalks, reeds and other materials around the tree plate 10-20cm, or covered with mulch, which can increase soil temperature.
6. Emergency measures after freezing 1 Shake the snow. The snow on the canopy must be shaken off or swept away with a long stick to prevent the snow from breaking the branches. 2 spray water cream. After the frost is frozen, it is necessary to hold it tightly before the defrosting. Rinse the frost that has condensed on the leaves with a sprayer with a rough sprayer to prevent the leaves from being exposed to sunlight. The temperature is drastically changed, resulting in dehydration and dead leaves, and the freezing injury is reduced. 3 Clear dead leaves. After the leaves are frozen, they will hang on the branches without falling. The leaves should be dropped or cut off in time to reduce the water loss of the tree and prevent the branches of green leaves from dying. 4 Irrigate promptly. After the tree has lost water after freezing, the roots and trees need water, so they should be irrigated and watered in a timely manner.
Fruit tree colonization technology
First, fruit tree planting technical points