Cyclamen cultivation techniques

I. Overview Cyclamen is a cyclamen plant of the Primulaceae family. The name Cyclamen was transliterated by its English name Cyclamen. Because the flowers are beautiful and unique, the petals roll back like rabbit ears, so they are also known as rabbit ears. Some petal protruded like a cap, also known as a crown. In some parts of China, it is often named after its strange flower shape and tuber shape. The cyclamen flowering period in the winter and spring seasons coincides with New Year's Day to the Spring Festival. It is also Christmas in Europe and the United States. It is also the national flower of the oldest republic of San Marino in Europe. So far, European and American countries, Japan and China have been widely cultivated, and the international flower market is listed as one of the major potted plants. In Europe, cultivation in the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Spain is relatively common. In 1995, the Netherlands produced 5 million pots of Cyclamen, with a value of 16.7 million U.S. dollars, accounting for the 14th place in the Netherlands. The annual production in Germany is 21.5 million pots, and Spain accounts for the second place in flower pot planting. In Japan, 1993 produced 3 million pots of cyclamen, with an output value of 92 million U.S. dollars and a production area of ​​224 hectares. The output and output value accounted for the third place. In the Americas, Argentina mainly produces cyclamen in the spring and summer. In addition to satisfying consumption in the domestic market, it mainly seeks export markets in Spain and Europe.
China has a certain foundation in the production of cyclamen potted flowers. There are a certain number of cyclamen pot flowers sold domestically or exported to Japan in Shanghai, Qingdao, Tianjin, Shandong, and Hebei. As early as the end of the 1970s in Tianjin, the Cyclamen paniculata was already well-known in the country. Due to the virus disease, it affected the further development. Until the 1990s, after solving the problems of detoxification, soilless cultivation, and breeding, the status of Tianjin cyclamen was improved. More than 160 germplasm bases for cyclamen species have been established, and more than 500,000 pots of potted plants have been introduced to the domestic market, and the National Cyclamen Research and Development Center has been established. In order to further reduce production costs and give full play to regional advantages, Zhangjiakou’s cold weather, substrate peat, energy, land and labor are used to produce 100,000 pots of Cyclamen in 1995 and 200,000 pots in 1998. In addition to producing cyclamen potted plants, Shanghai and Beijing also import high-quality cyclamen from the Netherlands to supply the market. The production of Shandong Cyclamen is mainly in Qingdao and Qingzhou. The production volume is relatively large and it has certain influence in the domestic flower market.

Second, morphological characteristics and species Cyclamen perennial herb. Tuber flat spherical, dark brown. Leaves heart-shaped, green leaves, with white markings, purple back leaves, jagged edge. Flowers solitary, pendulous, petals rolled upward, pedicels slender, terminal flowers with white, red, purple, orange, orange and red white heart, dark red spots, lace, wrinkled edges and heavy petals, etc. Also with aroma. Fruit ball, seed brown. Common cultivars include rose red Aalsmeen, Zehlendorf, Pink Delight, white red Victoria, freesia scents (Scentsation) ), Gold Medal, Treasure Trove, and Anneli. In recent years, French horticulturists have bred the Halios series with Purple Flame, Rose Flame, Magenta Flame, and Salmon Flame. White White Eye, Rose with Eye, and Salmon with Eye are also included. In addition, there are sierra (sierra) series, large flowers, 28-32 weeks of flowering, there are 14 colors. The Miracle series ranges from 24 to 26 weeks from sowing to flowering. The Laser series takes 26-28 weeks to bloom.

Seen in the same genus are African C.africanum, C.coum, Mediterranean cyclamen, European C. europaeum and so on. Recently, the Cyclamens of the TinyMites series have developed rapidly.

Third, the biological characteristics Cyclamen origin Greek, Tunisia area. Hi cool climate and humus rich sandy soil. Neutrality is required for acidity, such as large acidity (less than pH 5.5), seedling growth will be inhibited. Not hot, summer temperatures above 30 °C, bulbs forced to sleep, more than 35 °C, easy to heat rot, and even death. The optimum temperature for growth is 12-20°C. In winter, the temperature is lower than 10°C, the flowers are easy to fade, and the flowers are dark. Below 5°C, the bulbs are susceptible to freezing injury. Cyclamen hi wet, but water. Hi light, but avoid direct light, if the light is not enough, the leaves are long and the colors are not correct. The cyclamen flowering period is long. From January to May in Nanjing, the Qingdao area can see early flowers in October. Two-year-old bulbs can flower more than 10, and bulbs from 4 to 5 years old can blossom hundreds.

Fourth, propagation methods Cyclamen can be used sowing and bulb division method breeding.
Seeding and breeding: It is advisable to plant in early September. Sowing early will directly affect the growth and development of Cyclamen. Late sowing, the temperature is too low, affect the germination or emergence. The cyclamen seed is larger, and the weight of one thousand grains is 9.82g. It can be used in shallow basins or sowing boxes. It can germinate in 30 to 60 days at a suitable temperature of 18 to 20°C. Seed soaking in warm water at 30°C for 4 hours can be germinated 15 days before sowing. After germination, it is best to use a semi-negative environment. Seedlings appear the first true leaves, bulbs about soybeans, the first line of seedlings, spacing 3 cm 3 cm, transplanting, bulbs should not be buried deep, slightly above the top of the bulb surface. 6 to 7 true leaves can be individually planted in 6 cm pots. Seedling growth temperature is 5 ~ 18 °C, still half an yin is appropriate, more common sunlight sooner or later. Summer shade and spray cooling, is conducive to bulb sprouting and leaf growth. The general variety requires 24 to 32 weeks from sowing to flowering, and the mini variety needs 26 to 28 weeks.

Bulb division method: suitable for breeding of fine varieties. Select 4 to 5 year old bulbs, cut off the top 1/3 of the bulbs, and then divide the bulbs into small pieces of 1 cm 2 , and cut the bulbs under conditions of 30°C and high relative humidity for 5 to 12 days to promote wound healing. . Then kept at 20 °C to promote the formation of adventitious buds. Within 3 to 4 weeks after division, the soil should be properly dried to prevent the wound from secreting mucus, infecting bacteria and causing rot. Adventitious buds were formed 75 days after the segmentation. After 9 months, more than 10 leaves could be planted with 12-16 cm pots, and they were maintained after 2 to 3 months of flowering. Cut bulbs multiply more than the seeds reproduce.

In recent years, foreign countries have successfully adopted the method of leaf cutting and tissue culture to breed Cyclamen. At present, cotyledons, petioles, tubers and roots have been used as materials for tissue culture and scale production.

Fifth, cultivation and management Cyclamen's cultivation techniques are more complicated. With the development of science and technology, the growth cycle is shortened and the cost is reduced. In 1800, cultivation of the Cyclamen in Europe took two years to bloom. In 1825, the United Kingdom could bloom in just 15 months. By 1976, the cyclamen flowered in just 8 months. China's Tianjin and Qingdao are 11 to 13 months of flowering. Due to the high summer temperatures in Nanjing, the bulbs were forced to sleep from the sowing date to a longer flowering period. So far, foreign cultivation of cyclamen takes only 6-8 months to see flowers. To cultivate cyclamen, pay attention to the following points:

1. Timely replacement pot generally dormant bulbs begin to germinate in mid-September, immediately change pots, basin soil do not cover without bulbs. When fresh bulbs of cyclamen bulbs have just been changed, the watering should not be too much to prevent the rotten balls and the pots and soils to be slightly dry.

2. Pay attention to the shade during the ventilation period. Pay attention to indoor ventilation and shading at any time. When the leaves are luxuriant, open the basin distance to avoid overcrowding and cause the leaves to turn yellow and rot. Around the Spring Festival, the cyclamen enters the flowering stage. During the sunny days, the ventilation should be adjusted to prevent the indoor humidity from being excessive, causing the flowers to wither and the pedicels to appear watery and rot. During the fertility period, when the temperature rises, the amount of watering will increase, and the indoor temperature and humidity will be too high. Attention should be paid to the regulation of ventilation so as to avoid rot of the flower stems and moldy fruits. In mid-June, the leaves began to fall off and the bulbs entered dormancy. The dormant bulbs are placed in a well-ventilated, cool place and maintained at a certain humidity. Wet bulbs are too rotten to delay budding and flowering too much.

3. Strengthen Fertilizer Management Cyclamen fertilizes once every ten days in growth and development period, and gradually sees more sunlight. It does not make the petiole grow too long, affecting the appearance. When the peduncles are removed until the larvae are released, bone powder or superphosphate is applied once more. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, it can bloom before and after New Year's Day. At the flowering stage, the application of nitrogen fertilizers is stopped and the watering is controlled. In particular, on rain and snow days, the water cannot be poured on flower buds and young leaves, otherwise it is easily rotted and affects normal flowering. After flowering, bone powder is applied once more to facilitate fruit development and seed maturation. The fruit ripens before and after May, peels the peel after harvest, removes the seeds, and stores in a ventilated place to dry. Cyclamen can be used for 20-20-20 general fertilizer in the early stage of growth, ie nitrogen content (N) 20%, phosphorus content (P2O5) 20%, potassium content (K2O) 20%. Flowering can be used potted fertilizer 15-15-20 water-soluble nutrient solution.

Sixth, pest and disease prevention Cyclamen common diseases are soft rot and leaf spot. Soft rot disease occurred in the high-temperature season from July to August, causing the entire bulb to die of softening and rot. Mainly due to poor ventilation. The same amount of Bordeaux mixture can be sprayed 1 to 2 times before onset. Leaf spot disease occurred most frequently from May to June, and brown spots appeared on the leaves and gradually expanded, finally resulting in dry leaves. Diseased leaves must be removed in time. Nematodes often harm the bulbs, the slow growth of the damaged plants, the leaves withered to yellow, often due to excessive wet basin. During the growth period, aphids and leaf roller moths also harmed leaves and flowers, which can be sprayed with 40% omethoate EC 1000 times.

Seven, post-harvest processing of cyclamen is very popular among people, is to decorate the living room. High-end potted flowers in winter in desks, public places such as shops and restaurants. In Europe and the United States, it is also an important flower for giving gifts to relatives and friends on Christmas Day and giving gratitude. In general, the newly propagated cyclamen seedlings bloom earlier and the bulbs of the bulbs that bloom more and later are slightly late. If during budding, move to a higher temperature (temperature does not exceed 18 °C) and maintain a certain humidity, you can flower in advance. If the buds are formed, the pedicel is still short, and 0.01% gibberellin solution can be sprayed on the pedicels to promote growth and accelerate flowering. To cultivate new varieties, select good parents and conduct artificial pollination. When the anthers are immature, they must be emasculated with scorpions, bagged, and then crossbred to create new varieties.

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