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Intensive breeding techniques for autumn fish species
Fish species play a crucial role in achieving high yields and efficiency in aquaculture. The size of fish directly affects their survival rates during the winter season. Autumn is a vital period for raising fingerlings, and proper management during this time is essential. To ensure healthy growth and development, the following key tasks should be carefully addressed:
First, improving the water environment is critical to supporting fingerling growth. As fish grow and consume more food in autumn, the number of natural food organisms in the water decreases, while harmful substances accumulate, leading to aging water and reduced dissolved oxygen levels. This can significantly impact fish health, especially smaller individuals who struggle with competition and growth inhibition. To maintain a healthy pond environment, it's important to regularly replace part of the water—removing 1/3 to 1/2 of the old water and adding fresh water. Additionally, fertilization should be adjusted based on the season. In early autumn, when temperatures are higher, chemical fertilizers like urea (2 kg per acre) and superphosphate (5 kg per acre) can be used to boost food organisms. Later in autumn, organic manure should be applied every 10 days at a rate of 150 kg per mu, spread evenly across the pond to maintain a transparency of 25–30 cm, which helps keep the water lively and nutritious. Regular disinfection and feeding practices also help prevent diseases.
Second, adjusting stocking density and implementing graded rearing is essential for maximizing growth. Smaller fish should be sorted and raised separately, while larger fish can be moved to well-maintained ponds for group farming. For small and medium-sized fish, intensive rearing can be effective. Polyculture of different fish species is recommended, with a ratio of carp species at 5:1. Stocking density depends on factors such as pond size, depth, water source, and fish size. For example, in a pond 1.5 meters deep, 2,500–3,000 fish over 15 cm can be stocked, while 3,000–4,000 fish under 15 cm can be raised depending on conditions.
Third, rational feeding and fertilization are necessary to meet the nutritional needs of fish. Autumn is a golden period for fish to eat more and grow faster. Feeding should be adjusted according to the dominant species in the pond. For grass carp-based systems, daily feeding should be enough for fish to eat about 80% of the available feed. For other ponds, focus on water fertilization to promote natural food sources. A clear, cool, and lively pond environment supports better fish growth. Ponds with mixed fish species should also provide crushed snails. After the autumn equinox, when water temperatures drop, supplementary feeds like bran or wheat meal should be added gradually. It’s important to adjust daily feeding amounts to avoid waste but not to stop feeding too early.
Finally, strengthening overall management and disease prevention is crucial. High water temperatures in autumn lead to rapid changes in water quality and increased organic matter, which can cause oxygen depletion. Autumn is also a peak season for fish diseases, especially around the White Dew period. Therefore, regular water changes, disinfection using lime or chlorine-based products, and feeding disease-resistant baits are all essential practices to ensure healthy fish growth and reduce losses. By maintaining good water quality and proactive disease control, farmers can significantly improve the success of their aquaculture operations.