Green onion horse

Thrips tabaci Lindeman, commonly known as the onion thrips or cotton thrips, is a pest belonging to the order Thysanoptera and family Thripidae. This species poses a significant threat to various crops, including onions, garlic, leeks, and other vegetable plants. The damage caused by this insect can lead to reduced yields and poor quality produce. Damage Symptoms: Both adult and nymph stages of the thrips feed on the tender parts of plants such as the heart buds, shoots, and leaves of onions and leeks. Infested leaves often show long white streaks, and severe infestations can result in distorted, yellowed foliage. Morphological Features: Adult thrips are small, measuring 1.1–1.3 mm in length, with a light yellow to brownish coloration and purple compound eyes. Nymphs start off white and gradually turn yellow to dark yellow as they mature. The eggs are kidney-shaped, approximately 0.2 mm in length. Life Cycle and Habits: Thrips tabaci can complete six to ten generations per year. Adults, nymphs, and pupae overwinter in onion and garlic sheaths, weeds, or soil near host plants. In early spring, they begin feeding on green onions and garlic, then move to other hosts. By summer, they cause serious damage to onions, especially from July to August. Adults are highly active, capable of flying and jumping, and can spread easily through wind or human activity. They avoid strong light and tend to gather in shaded areas. On cloudy days, or during early mornings, evenings, and nights, adults are more active on the surface of the host plants. Most adults reproduce through parthenogenesis, with males rarely observed. Females lay eggs in the subepidermal tissue of plants. Each female can lay an average of 50 eggs, with a maximum of up to 171. Female adults live for about 8–10 days. Egg development takes around 6–7 days between May and June. Nymphs go through four instars, with the third and fourth stages burrowing into the soil before pupating. Pupae emerge as adults after completing their development. Environmental Preferences: These pests thrive in warm and dry conditions, with an optimal temperature range of 23–28°C and humidity between 40–70%. High humidity (over 100%) combined with temperatures above 31°C can kill all nymphs. During rainy seasons, continuous rain can trap water between onion leaves, leading to nymph mortality. Heavy rains or excessive irrigation may also cause soil compaction, preventing nymphs from entering the soil and hindering adult emergence. Control Measures: 1. Remove dead and infected plant material from the field to reduce overwintering populations. 2. Apply insecticides such as 40% Qixingbao EC diluted 600–800 times, 21% Killer EC at 1500 times, 50% phoxim EC at 1000 times, 20% chloral EC at 2000 times, or 10% imidacloprid wettable powder at 5000 times during the nymph stage. Pyrethroid-based pesticides can also be used. Other options include 20% compound Liuyangmycin EC at 1000 times, 80% Bataan WP at 2000 times, and 25% synergistic quinolone EC at 1000 times. Repeat applications every 7–10 days for 2–3 cycles. Ensure that no pesticide is applied within 7 days of harvest to maintain safety.

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