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Standardized Cultivation of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Pest Control
After China's accession to the WTO, along with the advancement of modernization and internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine is going global and benefiting all humanity. At present, Chinese medicine has been exported to more than 130 countries. However, most of the many traditional Chinese medicine products produced in China do not meet the standards and requirements of international medicine. As a result, the share of Chinese medicine sales in the international market currently accounts for only about 5%. One of the reasons is the excessive use of pesticide residues in the prevention and control of pests and diseases during the cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines. Therefore, in accordance with the requirements of Chinese herbal medicine GAP, standardizing the production of Chinese herbal medicines is the need to improve product quality and competitiveness. Because of the special ecological conditions of the cultivation techniques, biological characteristics and medicinal requirements of Chinese herbal medicines, it is determined that the occurrence of pests and diseases of Chinese herbal medicines has its own characteristics compared to general crops, and the pest control in the standardized cultivation of Chinese medicinal materials (GAP) is also Targeted measures should be taken. It mainly includes the following aspects: 1. Agricultural control technology Agricultural control refers to the purpose of promoting the normal growth and development of Chinese medicinal plants and reducing or preventing pests and diseases by comprehensively applying cultivation and management technical measures. The main methods are: 1. Rational rotation and intercropping. Reasonable rotation and intercropping can reduce pest damage. Rotation of Chinese herbal medicines in different families is carried out in rotation or between Chinese herbal plants and other food and vegetable crops. For example, Aconite and rice, corn, rhubarb and astragalus, Atractylodes macrocephala and Gramineae grow through 3-4 years of rotation to reduce root rot. , Whitefly disease, anthrax and other hazards. In intercropping, crops with different pests and diseases should be selected for intercropping. For example, Fuzitian can be used for spinach or corn, while Dihuangtian can be used for corn or sesame. 2, intensive cultivation, clean pastoral. Many pathogens and pests in the soil in the winter, so through winter plowing can not only directly destroy the wintering sites of pests, reduce the source of overwintering diseases and pests, but also can make the overwintering pests in the surface layer exposed to the surface of the soil, parasitic or feeding by natural enemies, so that It cannot be feathered and unearthed; some pathogens in the soil can also be directly killed due to sunlight exposure to achieve the purpose of disease prevention. Field weeds are hidden and overwintering sites for pests and diseases. Therefore, removal of weeds is a hidden and overwintering site for pests and diseases. Therefore, the removal of weeds and pre-harvest crops by burning or burying them deeply is an important agronomic measure to prevent and control pests and diseases. If the aconite is harvested and burned in a timely manner after the harvest, it can effectively control the borers. 3, rational fertilization and irrigation. Rational fertilization can effectively promote the growth and development of Chinese medicinal plants, and enhance disease resistance. Production practices have shown that partial application of nitrogen fertilizers often aggravates pests and diseases, and the application of phosphate fertilizers and potash fertilizers, especially potassium fertilizers, can enhance plant disease resistance. For example, root rot of medicinal plants often occurs under humid conditions. If appropriate application of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer, less nitrogen fertilizer, and drainage management measures to control temperature, can significantly reduce rot. Therefore, taking effective irrigation methods according to the characteristics of medicinal plants is also an effective method for pest control. II. Biological Control Techniques Biological control refers to the use of biological factors in nature to prevent and control pests and diseases, including animals (insects, apes, birds, amphibians, etc.), fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The main methods are: 1. Insect pests, use natural enemy insects to control pests. The natural enemy insects include ladybugs, cockroaches, grasshoppers, fieldworms, flyworms, insectivores and various parasitoids and parasitic flies. These natural enemy pests are widespread in the natural world and have played a significant role in inhibiting the pests of Chinese herbal plants. What deserves our attention is to protect these beneficial insects, provide them with a good living environment, enable them to reproduce smoothly, pass on from generation to generation, and achieve the purpose of controlling pests. 2. Microorganism pest control. That is, the use of fungi, bacteria, viruses and other pathogenic microorganisms to control pests. At present, there are various preparations such as Bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus, bacillus, and the like. 3. Use pests natural enemies to treat pests. Many natural enemies of pests, such as various frogs and beneficial birds, can prey on large numbers of pests. According to the research, more than 70% of pests in the foodstuff of a frog are dissected, and birds such as woodpeckers, azaleas and magpies also mainly feed on pests, and can effectively control pests of woody medicinal plants such as larvae, giardins, pine caterpillars. Wait. From this we can see that we should actively protect the beneficial animals in the natural world and create conditions for reproduction and utilization. Third, physical and mechanical control technology The use of artificial methods, simple instruments, temperature, light, electromagnetic waves, ultrasound, nuclear radiation and other methods to prevent pests and diseases is physical and mechanical control. The main methods are: 1. Manual killing. Pests that are harmful to the activity time can be killed manually. For example, the newly emerged beetle adults are killed at dusk after the summer rain; the eggs and freshly hatched larvae produced by the pests on the plants are harvested during agricultural operations. 2, light trapping. Installing black light in the field and using the phototaxis of insect pests for light trapping can kill some lepidopteran adults, leafhoppers, and chafers. 3, temperature sterilization, pest control. Soaking with warm water or boiled water, can prevent disease caused by the seed bacteria, such as the control of the smut fungus spores carried on the surface of the seed, can be soaked in warm water at 60 °C for half an hour or boiling water for 5-8 seconds, control effect Up to 70%-85%. Chemical Control Technology Chemical control is the use of chemical agents for the prevention and control of pests and diseases of medicinal plants. It has the advantages of rapid action, good effect, and easy use. It is an important means for the prevention and control of pests and diseases of medicinal plants. However, if it is used improperly, it may cause consequences such as pesticide residues, environmental pollution, and resistance to pests and diseases. Therefore, chemical drugs should be used for scientific purposes. The main methods are as follows: 1. Reasonably use drugs according to the occurrence of pests and diseases. Can not use drugs as far as possible without drugs, can use less drugs to minimize the use of drugs, can both cure as much as possible, can use biological pesticides as far as possible without chemical pesticides, in order to achieve the purpose of reducing pollution or pollution, to ensure the high quality of medicinal herbs. As commonly used in the control of gray mold, powdery mildew, anthracnose thiophanate and chlorothalonil to prevent rust, downy mildew and leaf spot, the maximum number of times of application is not more than 3 times in the whole growth period, and the last time the distance is used for drug harvesting. Not less than 15 days. For pesticides such as trichlorfon, phoxim and deltamethrin, the maximum number of pesticides used during the whole growth period is no more than 3 times, and the last time the pesticide is used for harvest should not be less than 7 days. 2. When drugs are required, firstly, high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue drugs should be screened, and the frequency of drug use should be minimized. The drug should only be used during the critical period of prevention and treatment. For example, the disease at the seedling stage of the control medicine should be used at the early stage of disease, and the prevention and treatment of leaf-feeding pests should be applied during the hatching period of the larvae. Prevention and control of underground pests should be done with pesticide soaking and seed dressing methods, combined with soil disinfection. 3, the use of chemical agents should be avoided as much as possible to kill natural enemies, or to choose safer natural enemies of pesticides. Application methods should pay attention to the protection of natural enemies, such as the use of toxic soil and seed treatment methods.