Sagittaria high-yielding cultivation techniques

The arrowhead, also known as the swallowtail grass, is a herb of the genus Zexea and is an aquatic vegetable. For a long time, due to lack of cultivation techniques and management experience, large-scale production has not been formed, which has caused the domestic Sagittarius market to be in short supply, resulting in a large foreign exchange gap. In recent years, according to the needs of production, the author has done some investigation and research work. Through experiments, he has summarized and promoted the growth characteristics of the arrowhead, the characteristics of the varieties, and the management measures in different stages of the growth period. Intensive production was formed in Linyi, Zaozhuang, and Heze. As a new industry, the utilization of water in ponds and river channels was improved, and good economic benefits were achieved. 1 Growth characteristics Sagittaria reproduces with the top buds of bulbs. Bulbs 3 to 5 cm in height, 3 to 4 cm in transverse diameter, spherical or ovate, with 2 to 3 ring segments, brown scaly leaves on nodes, tip apical buds. When the spring temperature reached 14°C or more, the bulbs sprouted on the top buds and occurred from the 3rd section of the stems. The buds grew, the leaves were broad, with arrowheads, and the petiole was thick, with a ribbed section and a triangular shape. Plants young, slow growth, need less fertilizer, the water level should be shallow, about 3cm is appropriate, in order to facilitate the increase in soil temperature and promote growth and hair roots. When the plants enter the peak of growth, the water and fertilizer should be sufficient, and the water level can be properly deepened, but should not exceed 15 to 20cm. After the fall, the temperature gradually turns cold, the temperature difference between day and night increases, the sunshine hours become shorter, and the growth of the plant's shoots becomes slower, while the lateral buds in the underground leafhoppers grow the stems and the apex expands to form the bulbs. When the bulbs are inflated, the water and fertilizer should be properly controlled to prevent leggy and the water depth should be 6-10cm. At the same time as stolons occurred, some plants were borne from the leafhoppers and flowered. 2 Variety Selection 2.1 Ziyuan County has a high yield, matures early and is widely planted throughout the country. The growth period is 180 to 190 days. The plants are short, stout and stout. The blade is wide, the bulb is round, 4~5cm high, and the single ball weighs 20~30g. The outer skin is purple and white. The top buds are stout and bent more towards one side. For early maturing varieties, the yield is high, and can produce 1100 to 1500 kg per 1000 square meters, and can reach 2000 kg or more at high yield. 2.2 Baiyin late-maturing varieties. The plants are tall and grow in shape. Each tree contains 11 to 15 ball-bearing bulbs, which are oval in shape, with yellow outer skin and yellowish white flesh. The average weight of a single ball is 30-32 g, and there are three ring patterns. The apical shoots are 4 to 5 cm long and the growth period is 190 to 200 days. Good quality, delicate meat, production per 1000 square meters is 1100 ~ 1500kg. 2.3 Shen Suan Guzhong late-maturing varieties. Plant height 70 ~ 80cm, bulbs slightly elliptical and flat, 5.5cm high. The top bud is flat and long, and the skin is yellowish. The single ball weighs 33g. The meat is soft, contains many starches, and is of good quality. The output is 1500kg per 1,000 square meters. 2.4 White meat early maturing varieties. Strong resistance, growth period is 110 to 120 days. Plant height 70 ~ 74cm, leaves long, petiole thick. Thick stems, white, bulbous oval, skin and meat are white, so there is a white meat Sagittarius. Single ball weighs about 50g. The flesh is loose, good quality, high yield, resistant to storage and transportation, and more for export. 2.5 Horseshoe cultivation has a long history and is an excellent farm breed. It is widely grown in Shandong. Plant height 75cm, leaves slender, green leaves. The petiole is thick, with longitudinal grooves, flat round bulbs, white skin and meat, and a fertility period of about 120 days. It is resistant to late-maturing varieties. High yield, can produce 2200 ~ 3000kg per 1000 square meters. More starch, good flavor, good quality, storage and transportation. 3 Cultivation techniques 3.1 Seedlings In order to promote Sagittaria early budding, germination can be performed before nursery. The method of germination is to cover the top buds for seed retention with a mat or grass, cover the wet grass, and sprinkle some warm water when dry, keep it above 15°C and a certain humidity, and then germinate after 10 to 15 days. Open field nursery. If the planting is late, when the temperature has reached 15°C or more, it can be nursed directly without germination. Before and after the Ching Ming, we should transplant the seedlings. The depth of planting requires that the 3rd node of the terminal bud be inserted into the soil to 2cm to facilitate rooting and the water depth should be maintained at about 3cm so as to increase the soil temperature and promote the growth of seedlings. 3.2 The colonization of the planted Sagittaria seedlings shall be based on the climatic conditions in various places and be planted in the valley or at the beginning of summer. For interplanting with other crops, planting before and after the planting of small crops, Honda must be prepared before planting, and the site preparation should be soft and flat. Planting seedlings when pulling up, removal of peripheral leaves, leaving only 16 ~ 20cm petiole, in order to avoid wind shaking after planting, affecting survival. When planting, insert the root into the soil about 10cm, and then fill the root with mud. The row spacing of the plants varies depending on the variety. Generally, the growth period is long and the tree size is large. The row spacing is 40cm square, and the acres are 5000-6000 rows. 3.3 Water and Fertilizer Management Sagitta shall maintain a shallow layer of water throughout the growing season to prevent drought. During the seedling stage, shallow water should be used for irrigation to increase soil temperature. About 1 month after planting, drainage can be put on the field to deepen the root; during high temperature, irrigation can be performed at night to cool the plant. When a large number of planting stems are planted, appropriate draining can be performed to keep the soil dry, wet and dry, and a large number of pumping stems can be promoted. We maintain shallow water later and maintain the need for bulb enlargement. The growth phase of Sagittaria requires a large amount of fertilizer. In order to continuously meet the requirements of Sagittarius's growth and development, fertilizers can be topdressed for 2 to 3 times during growth. 3.4 Weeding Sagittaria Sagittarius was planted for 1 month until it began to form bulbs. We need to carry out weeding and weeding. Late to the old leaves to improve ventilation and light conditions. The last time weeding and stripping leaves, we can combine soil cultivation to protect the roots and stolons. 4 When the loquat leaves are in Putian, they combine the loquat leaves and step the yellow leaves into the mud. At the same time, the leaves are stripped. During the expansion of the bulbs, only 7 to 8 leaves are left per plant and the outer leaves and old leaves are stripped. The ventilation and light transmission conditions between the lines reduce the pests and diseases. When 2 or 3 pieces of new leaves are to be extracted, the roots should be cultivated to facilitate the growth of bulbs. In the early stage of growth, the Sagittaria combines weeds with weeds to carry out the temporal lobe, which removes the yellow leaves on the periphery of the plant and leaves only 5-8 green leaves. The Sagittaria generally starts from the Xiaoshushu and leaves the leaves once every 20 days for a total of 3 ~4 times until white dew. After the white dew, Sagittarius plucked a large number of stolons to enter the ball stage. At this time, the area of ​​green leaves and underground roots should be protected to strengthen the production and absorption of nutrients. 5 Harvest time varies by region. The Shandong area can be harvested at any time from the frost in early autumn (when the stems and leaves are yellow) to the second year before the bulbs are germinated, that is, from November to March of the next year. During the period from frost to heavy snowfall, more harvesting takes place. When the yield is low, the yield is low, and the yield is generally delayed. This is because when the stems and leaves are just yellow, the nutrients in the shortened stems can continue to be transported to the bulbs, so that the bulbs continue to expand, thereby increasing the yield. Therefore, in the end of October to early November, drain the fields, and cut the leaves of the Sagittaria leaves, leaving about 15cm. After the leaves are cut, they are ditched every 2m, and the depth of the ditch is about 30cm. The dried and thinning of the sorghum surface and interplanting the overwintering vegetables can increase the output of the Sagittaria, and it can be supplied to the market in the off-season of January-February to increase the economic efficiency.

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