Additives: Development and application of functional "oligosaccharides"

With the revealing and understanding of the biological functions of sugar chains, glycobiology is becoming a new frontier of science. Following genetic engineering and protein engineering, sugar engineering has become the most compelling new biotechnology discipline. As a new physiologically active substance, functional oligosaccharides have attracted much attention in the fields of disease diagnosis and prevention, nutrition and health care, plant growth and disease resistance, and animal husbandry. They have developed into a genetic engineering and protein engineering in the world. Modern biotechnology tools such as sugar engineering, and related to medicine, chemistry, engineering, etc., are used in important industries in food, medicine, feed, and agriculture.

The development of functional oligosaccharides has opened up many new industrial applications. In 2002, global oligosaccharide production reached 150,000 tons, creating a $40 billion functional food market and a $10 billion functional feed market. The oligosaccharide drug list shows unlimited business opportunities, oligosaccharide pesticides and oligosaccharide fertilizers are also attracting attention, and functional oligosaccharides have been highlighted in the global biotechnology industry. China has the characteristics and resource advantages of oligosaccharide industry development, as well as the background of pressure demand in the fields of health, agriculture and environment, seize the opportunity, fully follow up the advanced theory, vigorously develop independent technology, research on functional oligosaccharides and Application will not only help improve China's academic status, but will also form a new star industry in China.

First, the biological significance and application value of functional oligosaccharides

Sugars, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are the four major classes of compounds that make up organic organisms. Among them, sugar is a kind of compound mainly composed of C, H, O elements. It is the most widely distributed and abundant in nature, and participates in various physiological activities. It has a broad spectrum of chemical structure and biological functions. In the history of modern biology, the study of sugar can be traced back to the demonstration of the right-handed configuration of (+)-Glucose by Emil Fischer in 1891, followed by the biochemical development represented by the study of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The stage is the heyday of sugar chemistry research. However, in the past few decades, on the one hand, after the protein research, the huge breakthroughs and rapid progress in nucleic acid research have attracted people's attention; on the other hand, due to the structural complexity and speciality of the sugar itself. Sexuality makes it extremely difficult to separate, analyze and synthesize. The backwardness of research methods restricts the rapid development of sugar research, and finally the research on sugar is still limited to the metabolism of sugar and its structural function. Behind proteins and nucleic acids. And people have formed a misconception that the role of sugar in organisms is only as a structural material (such as cellulose in plants, chitin in animals, etc.) and energy storage materials, and does not participate in life activities. Regulation. However, in recent years, it has been found that glycosylation in vivo is essential for the activity of all proteins as well as various physical processes, and also finds many positions in natural life activities. Since the 1970s, major breakthroughs in sugar separation and structural analysis have enabled sugar research to develop rapidly in the past 30 years, and a new sub-discipline has been born - glycobiology. . As an important research object in glycobiology, oligosaccharides have made a preliminary understanding of the effects and significance of oligosaccharides through various aspects of their research.

According to the hydrolysis of carbohydrates, they can be classified into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are sugars which can no longer be hydrolyzed into smaller molecules, while monosaccharides pass through the hydroxyl groups of the reducing end and the hydroxyl groups of other monosaccharides. The formation of a glycosidic bond further constitutes an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide having a linear or branched structure. The definition of functional low sugar in the "Industry Standard for General Technical Regulations of Functional Oligosaccharides" promulgated by the State in 1996 is as follows:

(1) Functional oligosaccharides are formed by polymerizing 2-10 identical or different monosaccharides;

(2) It has some common characteristics of sugar, which can directly replace sucrose, as a sweet ingredient, but it is not degraded by human stomach acid and stomach enzymes, and is not absorbed in the small intestine and can reach the large intestine;

(3) It has physiological characteristics such as increasing the value of Bifidobacterium in human body.

Funded by the US Department of Energy in 1986, the University of Georgia established the Center for Complex Sugar Research (CCRC), which specializes in the collection of oligosaccharide structures. So far, 49,897 oligosaccharides of different structures have been recorded. On the one hand, the complex diversity of oligosaccharides makes it extremely difficult to separate, analyze and synthesize oligosaccharides in research methods. On the other hand, it also explains the oligosaccharides in life activities. The structural basis of functional diversity, and suggests that oligosaccharides may be another type of carrier carrying biological information in organisms, hiding a huge information base in its rich structure, providing limited translation for life activities. Prolificity outside.

Second, the development of functional oligosaccharides

In 1996, the production of oligosaccharides in the world was about 85,000 tons, mainly in Japan and European countries, and there were a small amount in North America and South Korea. Because before 1996, domestic scientific and educational units have carried out research work on functional oligosaccharides such as oligo-isomaltose, oligofructose, oligomannose and xylooligosaccharides for several years, but industrialization is this year. just started. The first newly constructed starch-based raw material enzymatic conversion of oligomeric isomalt production line was successfully tested in Shandong Yucheng in 1996. In Hong Kong and Taiwan, there is Yongfeng Jinglun Co., Ltd., and the sucrose raw materials are converted into oligofructose in small batches by enzymatic method. After the development of the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", China's functional oligosaccharides have formed a certain scale, and the listed commodities include oligosaccharide maltose, oligofructose, galacto-oligosaccharide, soybean oligosaccharide and stachyose. In 2000, the total output of functional oligosaccharides was about 30,000 tons. The main variety was oligo-isomalt. In the same year, the state approved the industry standard for oligosaccharide isomaltose and the technical standards for functional oligosaccharides. Development has played an important role. At present, there is a certain scale of production. The production of low-grade poly-alose maltose includes Shandong Yucheng, Binzhou, Lishui, Dingtao, Henan Mengzhou, Zhejiang Hangzhou, Xinjiang Urumqi, etc.; oligofructose is Yunnan Kunming, Jiangsu Zhangjiagang, Guangdong Jiangmen, etc. The xylo-oligosaccharide Jiangsu sugar is also in trial production.

Table 1: newly developed functional oligosaccharides and their structures, uses and preparation methods

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